Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale - Tesi di Dottorato

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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato afferenti al Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale dell'Università della Calabria.

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    Models and enabling IoT technologies for cooperative energy brokerage in smart-grid
    (2019-05-21) Scarcello, Luigi; Critelli, Salvatore; Menniti, Daniele; Pinnarelli, Anna; Sorrentino, Nicola
    The strong decentralization of energy production, especially from nonprogrammable renewable sources (nPRS), obtained with the rising and interconnection of small plants, has placed the end user at the centre of the whole energy system management. Nowadays, the end user has taken the role of a “prosumer”, being at the same time producer and consumer of thermal and electrical energy. While this new bivalent role has clear advantages (onsite production, lower transport losses, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, etc.), the distributed generation from nPRS causes additional injections of energy into the grid, which can bring to stability and safety problems for the operations of the grid itself. As consequence, the end-user needs to be involved in the management of the grid adopting appropriate strategies in order to maintain the balance between generation and consumption of energy, and avoid spikes of energy demand or excessive injections of energy produced but not consumed. The best strategy is to join in energy communities able to coordinate local energy flows and favouring a better use of energy. Moreover, end-users have to adopt new IoT technologies and the grid have to become a smart-grid. This Ph.D. thesis develops some cooperative energy brokerage models based on decentralized scheme proposed in the LAboratory of Electrical Systems for Energies and Renewable sources (LASEER), headed by Prof. D. Menniti, of the Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management (DIMEG) of the University of Calabria. In the proposed models, the end-user takes a fundamental role: he can autonomously make decisions based on thermal and electrical energy requirements and collaborate in energy balancing operations of the energy community and of the national electrical grid. In according to this decentralized approach, a new price based-time of use Demand Response program has been designed. The Demand Response program is determined by solving, in a day ahead strategy, a mixed integer linear optimization problem, called “prosumer problem”. In this context, end-user dwellings need to be purposely equipped with home automation systems and micro-grid devices, appropriately designed to act the planned energy management strategy The effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed work have been assessed through a testbed performed in an academic experimental demonstrator sited in the University of Calabria, where the proposed model have been implemented. Moreover, different prototype versions of home automation and micro-grids devices have been realized during the development and the work carried out in the MIUR project “Sistemi Domotici per il servizio di brokeraggio energetico cooperativo”. Specific contributions of this thesis are in the following areas:  implementing an unified management model of both thermal and electrical energy needs in a price based Demand Response program;  providing an option for end-users to participate in the National Electricity Market through demand side bidding and to manage their electricity usage;  designing home automation systems and micro-grid devices able to monitor, control and collect data on exchanges of electrical energy flows;  customizing cooperative energy brokerage model for supporting the management of Energy Districts;  experimenting the energy management strategy in the academic experimental demonstrator;  designing smart meter for end-user able to measure energy flows exchange as well as to give a view of real-time energy consumption;  collecting representative data about end-user habits to perform statistical analysis and define load forecasting services;  evaluating cost and quantifying the global energy demand to sensitize to more conscious consumption of energy. The experience in developing demand response models has been shared inside Marie Skłodowska-Curie project “Research and Innovation Staff Exchange”, with the project partner Exergy Ltd company.
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    Nearly zero energy buildings: technical solution for mediterranean climate and influence of occupancy
    (2019-04-15) Carpino, Cristina; Furgiuele, Franco; Arcuri, Natale
    The European Union has identified construction, responsible for about 40% of global energy consumption, as the key sector for smart and sustainable growth, through the development of strategies and tools aimed at making buildings more energy efficient and comfortable. The 2010/31/EU Directive on the energy performance of buildings introduced the concept of nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). The nearly zero energy building is defined as "a building with very high energy performance, in which the very low or almost zero energy needs, should be significantly covered by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby”. All new buildings must be “nearly zero energy” by 31st December 2020 and the deadline is 2018 for public buildings. The target is also extended to buildings undergoing renovation. The nZEB definition results in a set of requirements that the building has to meet in terms of characteristics of the envelope, efficiency of energy systems, and integration of renewable energy sources. The design strategies for the reduction of energy consumption vary according to the climatic conditions. Solutions typically used in cold climates, such as high thermal insulation and maximization of solar gains, may be inadequate in climates characterized by prevailing cooling requirements. Furthermore, international studies showed that the action of the occupants is crucial in the design and, even more, in the operation and maintenance of low energy buildings. In order to achieve optimal levels of comfort and energy efficiency, the dynamic interaction between the building and the users has to be considered. The present research aims to verify the feasibility of nearly Zero Energy Buildings in the Mediterranean climate, achieved through the use of advanced construction techniques and highlighting the role of thermal inertia. The study seeks to deepen the understanding of occupant behavior and the impact of occupancy modeling on the energy performance of buildings and on the actual attainment of the nZEB objective. Abstract (Italian) L’Unione Europea ha individuato nell’edilizia, responsabile di circa il 40% del consumo globale di energia, il settore chiave per la crescita intelligente e sostenibile, sviluppando strategie e strumenti finalizzati a rendere gli edifici energeticamente più efficienti e confortevoli. La Direttiva 2010/31/UE sulla prestazione energetica nell’edilizia ha introdotto il concetto di nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). L’edificio a energia quasi zero è definito come “edificio ad altissima prestazione energetica, il cui fabbisogno energetico, molto basso o quasi nullo, dovrebbe essere coperto in misura molto significativa da energia da fonti rinnovabili, compresa l’energia da fonti rinnovabili prodotta in loco o nelle vicinanze”. Entro il 31 dicembre 2020 tutti gli edifici di nuova costruzione dovranno essere a energia quasi zero e la scadenza è anticipata al 2018 per gli edifici pubblici. Il target interessa anche gli edifici sottoposti a interventi di ristrutturazione. La definizione di nZEB si traduce in una serie di requisiti che l’edificio deve rispettare in termini di caratteristiche dell’involucro, efficienza degli impianti energetici e integrazione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Le strategie progettuali per il contenimento dei consumi variano in funzione delle condizioni climatiche. Soluzioni tipicamente impiegate in climi freddi, come l’elevato isolamento termico e la massimizzazione degli apporti solari, possono risultare inadeguate in climi caratterizzati da prevalente fabbisogno di raffrescamento. Inoltre, studi a livello internazionale hanno evidenziato come nella progettazione e, ancor di più, nel funzionamento e mantenimento degli edifici a basso consumo energetico, sia cruciale l’azione degli occupanti. Per raggiungere livelli ottimali di comfort ed efficienza energetica è fondamentale considerare l’interazione dinamica tra la costruzione e gli utenti. Il presente lavoro di ricerca si propone di verificare la fattibilità di edifici ad energia quasi zero in clima Mediterraneo, realizzati mediante l’impiego di tecniche costruttive avanzate e mettendo in evidenza il ruolo dell’inerzia termica. Inoltre, lo studio mira ad approfondire la comprensione del comportamento degli occupanti e l’impatto della modellazione dell’occupazione sulla prestazione energetica degli edifici e sul concreto raggiungimento dell’obiettivo nZEB.