Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche - Tesi di Dottorato

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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato afferenti al Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche dell'Università della Calabria.

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Aggregate structures analysis of bitumen for the production of modified benders in asphalt industry
(2013-12-02) Filippelli, Luigi; Bartolino, Roberto; Oliviero Rossi, ,Cesare
Since antiquity bitumen had been used as a construction material. Nowadays, most of the huge global production of bitumen each year, are functional to the roads paving industry where they are employed as binders for mineral aggregates to produce asphalt mixes. In the paving industry, a suitable bitumen should be fluid enough at to be pumpable and workable for a uniform covering of the mineral aggregates upon amalgamation. Furthermore, once the asphalt has been laid to build the roads, bitumen has to become sufficiently rigid at the highest pavement temperature to oppose rutting, depending on local climate conditions. Conversely, it must stay flexible enough at the lowest pavement temperature to resist cracking. For these purposes, additives such as polymers, acids, etc., are used to calibrate the operative range of bitumen. In addition asphalt industry is interested to reduce the costs of production, the environmental impact of the production and the safety condition for the paving workers. Bitumen is currently modeled as a dispersion of colloidal particles of asphaltenes, surrounded by a layer of stabilizing polar resins in a continuous oil phase (maltene). Although one can write a very simple definition of bitumen, its chemical composition is very complex and still not completely known. However the characterization of the bituminous materials for its convenient application, is still made by empirical standardized tests. This research project aimed to the deeper understanding of the behavior of bituminous systems, in order to correlate the macroscopic properties to the microstructure of the aggregates that constitute the bitumen colloidal network. We explored the possibility of taking advantage from chemical-physics techniques such as NMR, Rheology and AFM. In particular we have investigated the effect and overall the mechanism through which some chemical additives, already in use by paving companies, explicate their action to modulate the bitumen performances. Several samples different in nature and differently modified were analyzed. The rheological analysis, performed by the measurements under kinematic and dynamic control, helped to determine the material properties related to the structure of the system. The parameters thus obtained, being independent of the measurement conditions may be correlated with the microstructure of the sample investigated by the other techniques we used. As for NMR we exploited the spin-spin relaxation time measurement firstly to find the soften point of bituminous materials whether modified or not. As a novel approach to the understanding of the colloidal nature of the bitumen, the Inverse Laplace Transform (ILT) of the NMR spin-echo decay (T2) was applied. The ILT was used to draw the map of the macro-aggregates inside bitumen at different temperatures providing indication on the nature of the interaction between additives and the colloidal network. The efficiency of the ILT method was proved by atomic force microscopy images. As matter of fact collecting the AFM analysis, the ILT and the rheological results, we were able to describe the correlation between the aggregates at supra-molecular level inside fresh and doped bitumen. This research constituted a new inside bitumen chemistry overcoming the limits of the empirical tests to verify the efficiency of the bitumen modifiers
Behavior and effects of additives in liquid crystal compounds
(2011-11-03) Vivacqua, Marco; Bartolino, Roberto; Versace, Carlo; Nicoletta, Fiore P.
Bio-medicinal applications of coordination compounds: a photophysical point of view
(2012-11-26) Ricciardi, Loredana; Russo, Nino; La Deda, Massimo; Bartolino, Roberto
Il presente lavoro di ricerca, svolto presso il Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e di Coordinazione (LaCIC) dell'Università della Calabria, sotto la supervisione del Dott. Massimo La Deda, e in parte nel Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents (Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France), si colloca all'interfaccia tra la Biomedicina, la Chimica di Coordinazione e la Fotochimica, alla ricerca di un comune denominatore. L'obiettivo del nostro lavoro è stato quello di sviluppare una metodologia ed un set-up sperimentale per collegare l'esperienza del LaCIC nella sintesi organometallica, con le applicazioni di composti di coordinazione in campo biomedico. Abbiamo scelto tre aree di ricerca in grado di mettere in evidenza la relazione tra "composti di coordinazione", "luce" e "biomedicina": l'applicazione di complessi metallici incapsulati in polimeri o in nanoparticelle di oro e silice per la generazione di ossigeno di singoletto nella Terapia Fotodinamica (Capitoli 3 e 4), l'utilizzo dei processi a trasferimento di energia che coinvolgono i composti di coordinazione per lo studio delle interazioni farmaco-proteina (applicazioni di “sensing”, capitolo 2), l'utilizzo della luminescenza di nanoparticelle contenenti complessi di metalli di transizione nell’imaging cellulare. Le proprietà uniche dei composti metallici, soprattutto la rilevante fotochimica e fotofisica dei composti di metalli di transizione, li rendono idonei per applicazioni in fotomedicina. Capitolo 2 - Applicazione di “sensing” dei composti di coordinazione: interazione farmaco-proteina. Un nuovo complesso di zinco, recentemente sintetizzato presso il LaCIC, ha evidenziato un’interessante attività antiproliferativa in vitro nei confronti di alcune linee cellulari tumorali. Tuttavia, i test in vitro rappresentano solo il primo step per l’applicazione di questo complesso come farmaco antineoplastico; una fase successiva richiede uno studio della sua biodistribuzione, dunque la sua interazione con biomolecole quali l’ Albumina sierica umana, la proteina più abbondante presente nel torrente circolatorio, la quale aumenta la solubilità di farmaci idrofobici nel plasma e ne modula il rilascio a livello cellulare. Grazie alla fluorescenza della proteina, è stato possibile studiarne il fenomeno di quenching della luminescenza, correlandolo all’interazione di legame con il complesso metallico. Inoltre, la "struttura speciale" del composto di coordinazione, la sua luminescenza intrinseca, ha reso possibile lo studio dell’interazione di legame da un’altra prospettiva, giungendo ad una interessante conclusione, che evidenzia l'aspetto multifattoriale del complesso: terapeutico e sensoristico. Capitolo 3 - Processi attivati dalla luce in composti di coordinazione: fotogenerazione di ossigeno di singoletto. La Terapia Fotodinamica (PDT) fa riferimento all’applicazione di luce al fine di ottenere un effetto terapeutico, in particolare fa riferimento alla capacità di fotogenerare 1O2, una specie altamente reattiva (il “vero” agente terapeutico) da una molecola cosiddetta “fotosensibilizzante”. Tra gli effetti terapeutici dell’ 1O2 si pongono in evidenza la terapia antimicrobica e, soprattutto, la terapia antitumorale: in entrambe è preferibilmente richiesto l’utilizzo di fotosensibilizzanti solubili in acqua. I Complessi di Metalli di Transizione (TMC), grazie alle loro “speciali” proprietà fotofisiche, sono fotosensibilizzanti eccellenti, ma per la maggior parte scarsamente idrofilici. Per rendere TMC solubili in acqua si può procedere per esempio inserendoli in un polimero biocompatibile, senza che gli stessi perdino la loro capacità di generare ossigeno di singoletto. Seguendo questo criterio, è stato sintetizzato e caratterizzato il primo esempio di un polimero solubile in acqua legante un complesso di Pt(II) in grado di generare ossigeno di singoletto. Capitolo 4 - Il paradigma “theranostic”: complessi di metalli di transizione e nanoparticelle. Un’altra alternativa per ottenere un fotosensibilizzante solubile in acqua con le “speciali” proprietà dei TMC è di incapsularlo all’interno di nanoparticelle (NPs), le quali stanno sempre più acquisendo una crescente importanza in ambito medico, grazie alla capacità di agire da sistema di rilascio e alla loro bassa tossicità. Su questa base, sono state sintetizzate e caratterizzate un certo numero di NPs aventi un “core” d’oro e una “shell” di silice con intrappolati nella matrice complessi di Ir (III) e Ru (II), aventi la capacità di generare ossigeno di singoletto. Come prova preliminare, un campione di NPs contenenti un complesso di Ru (II), è stato caratterizzato in vitro per valutarne la citotossicità in diverse linee di cellule tumorali, con risultati promettenti. Inoltre, le "speciali" proprietà fotofisiche dei TMC consentono una disattivazione non radiativa degli stati eccitati (fenomeno necessario per la generazione di 1O2 mediante un processo a trasferimento di energia) senza perdere la luminescenza. In virtù di questo, è stato possibile localizzare le NPs fotosensibilizzanti all'interno della cellula mediante microscopia a fluorescenza, rendendo le NPs sintetizzate un nuovo materiale per “theranostic purposes”.
Design, synthesis and characterization of suitable nitrones for several synthetic applications
(2013-11-21) Melicchio, Alessandro; Bartolino, Roberto; Gabriele, Bartolo; Maiuolo, Loredana
The present work takes advance of nitrone chemistry flexibility in order to synthesize, on one hand, bisphosphonates containing N,O-carbocyclic nucleoside units with potential biological activity, starting from nitrones with functionalizable ester or methylen bisphosphonated groups. On the other hand, to synthesize suitable allyl cyclic nitrones undergoing 2-aza-Cope rearrangement in order to study the [3,3]-sigmatropic process that has been rarely detected until now with neutral molecules which are nitrones. The synthetic strategy that we used for the bisphosphonates compound involves the synthesis of suitable nitrones and subsequently 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between these substrates and various vinyl nucleobases that carries at formation of isoxazolidinyl nucleosides. We decided to synthesize them for their significant pharmacological properties that make them very appealing: they showed a considerable cytotoxic activity against several human cell lines and therefore they could be successfully employed as anticancer drugs. Furthermore, bisphosphonates can be considered as stable analogs of pyrophosphate, that is implied in the physiological regulation of bone calcification and resorption. Moreover, during the staying at the University of Zaragoza in Spain, a synthesis of suitable cyclic allyl nitrones was carried out. In general aza-Cope rearrangements have attracted great interest because of the ubiquitous presence of nitrogen-containing structures in natural and biological products as well as synthetic intermediates. These compounds give rise to 2-aza-Cope rearrangement and we reported a full experimental study based on NMR kinetic experiments of the activation energies required for both neutral and catalyzed 2-aza- Cope rearrangements of nitrones
Development and optimization by experimental design of solid phase microextraction gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods in aqueous matrices
(2012-11-30) Monteleone, Marcello; Tagarelli, Antonio; Gabriele, Bartolo; Bartolino, Roberto
Il presente lavoro di tesi relativo all‘attività di ricerca svolta durante il triennio di dottorato ha riguardato la messa a punto di metodi analitici per la determinazione di analiti in due distinte aree di interesse. La prima di ambito clinico ed ha riguardato la quantificazione in urina di metaboliti riconosciuti come marker in diagnostica clinica. In particolare ci si occupati della sarcosina come biomarker del tumore alla prostata, e di tre acidi: acido omovanillico (HVA), acido vanilmandelico (VMA) ed acido 5-idrossindoloacetico (5-HIAA) come marker urinari del neuroblastoma. Il secondo ambito di lavoro ha riguardato la quantificazione di inquinanti in matrici acquose, vale a dire carbammati ed acidi perfluoroalchilici. In particolare gli analiti, previa derivatizzazione con alchilcloroformiati (eccetto i carbammati), sono stati estratti dalle matrici acquose (acqua e urina) tramite la tecnica della microestrazione in fase solida (SPME) e successivamente analizzati mediante un gascromatografo con analizzatore di massa a triplo quadrupolo (GC-QqQ-MS). Le variabili significative della microestrazione in fase solida in ciascun metodo sono state ottimizzate tramite l‘approccio multivariato dell‘ ― Experimental Design‖. L‘utilizzo della tecnica SPME ha consentito di poter estrarre gli analiti direttamente dal campione da analizzare minimizzando i tempi di preparazione dello stesso e riducendo l‘uso di solventi organici, ottenendo metodi poco costosi e basso impatto ambientale. L‘utilizzo dello spettrometro di massa triplo quadrupolo, ha consentito di raggiungere livelli di sensibilità molto elevati e, nel contempo, di identificare gli analiti con maggiore sicurezza. In tutti i metodi sviluppati, sono stati ottenuti ottimi risultati in termini di linearità accuratezza e precisione. Anche i valori dei limiti di rilevabilità (LOD) e dei limiti di quantificazione (LOQ) ottenuti in ciascun metodo possono essere considerati soddisfacenti.
Development of cycloisomerization reactions for the synthesis of nitrogen or oxygen containing heterocycles
(2011-10-26) Spina, Rosella; Bartolino, Roberto; Gabriele, Bartolo; Salerno, Giuseppe; Colacino, Evelina
A DFT and TDDFT study of molecules with interest on photodynamic theraphy
(2012) Fortes Ramos, Flavio Sousa; Russo, Nino; Bartolino, Roberto
This PhD work concerns the theoretical photochemistry study of molecules with an interest on Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT is a medical technique for the treatment of different tumor diseases, such as age related macular degeneration, psoriasis or bladder cancer. This technique is increasingly being required, in particular in cases when conventional methods, chemotherapy and radio therapy fail to be successful. It consists of the administration of photosensitizer (a drug) followed by light irradiation and requires the presence of molecular oxygen on tissue to be destructed. On molecular terms the action of the drug is explained by the excitation of the drug to a singlet state after light irradiation, followed by its conversion of to a triplet state. This triplet state, in more common cases, directly transfers its energy to molecular oxygen producing singlet oxygen. In other cases the photophysical parameters of the triplet state are such that it is allowed to participate in electron transfer reactions, where it becomes reduced and after its anion reduces oxygen forming radical oxygen species, that like singlet oxygen, is toxic to the cell, resulting in cellular death by apoptosis or necrosis. As chemists, our main interest is on the proposal of drugs with ideal photophysical and solution properties. In regards to the first aspect, a drug should have an intense absorption on the red part of the visible spectra, known as therapeutic window, where the body tissue has a better penetration. Furthermore, the drug should have ideal photochemistry parameters to participate in the reaction. For the activation of oxygen it should have a triplet energy higher than the 0.98 eV of oxygen triplet and for others photochemical mechanism of action it should have the ideal parameters namely, ionization potentials and electron affinities. The drug should be soluble in water to react on the cells, that is usually provided by an hydrophilic chemical group incorporated on the drug. In order to have fewer side effects and a decreased drug dose, the drug should preferentially be localized on the tumor site. In reality, the question to find an ideal drug goes beyond chemistry crossing the fields of physics and clinical medicine. It involves physical problems like the interaction of light and body tissue with better dispositive or lasers for light irradiation to be developed. On the clinical part, it is evaluated on the in vitro or in vivo toxicity of the drug as well as the drug’s side effects. The organic and inorganic chemists are interested on the synthesis and characterization of the new drugs. The developments of new quantum mechanics methods with a good balance between accuracy and computational cost, namely Density Functional Theory (DFT) allowed the theoretical chemists to contribute to diverse fields like bio-medicine and other fields where the size of the systems can have dimensions large enough to be studied by older quantum mechanics methods. On the particular question of PDT, the simulation of electronic spectrum and calculation of photochemical parameters can be a support to the work of experimentalist on his synthesis strategy and on the interpretation of obtained data. The chemist experimental work on PDT, usually starts with a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle, natural like porphyrin or synthetic like phthalocyanine. Its structure is modified by the incorporation of substituent groups (e.g phenyl groups) that extends the electron conjugation that can shift the maximum absorption wavelength, λmax, to red part. The possibility of predicting the effect of a substituent group can address the synthesis to a molecule than another. Also, the calculation of the photochemical parameters of the drug allows the evaluation of the feasibility of a mechanism. For example, the electronic energy of the first triplet state furnishes a first estimation on the capability of a drug to generate singlet oxygen. The theoretical methodology in this work is Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the optimization of the structures and its time dependent formalism (TDDFT) for the calculation of electronic excitations. The behavior in solutions is simulated by the solvent implicit methods(C-PCM). On the first part of the study, we focus on two compounds designed to be used on PDT, belonging to the class pentaporphyrins that are porphyrin like molecules containing five pyrrole rings. These compounds were subject to clinical studies were they have shown a PDT action. We predict the electronic spectra and further investigate the mechanism of action of these compounds. On a second part of the study, we focus on corroles - molecules analogues to porphyrin - and its metal complexes, which synthesis were recently reported. We investigate the electronic spectra and evaluate the ability to produce singlet oxygen. The third part of the study consists on a non porphyrin based compounds – the squarines. These molecules are much known to their use in photo cells devices. Their sharp transitions make them as promising drugs to be used on PDT.
Different medicinal chemistry approaches towards the identification of novel targets in breast cancer
(2013-12-02) Pisano, Assunta; Bartolino, Roberto; Gabriele, Bartolo; Sindona, Giovanni; Maggiolini, Marcello
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest family of cellsurface molecules representing the targets of approximately 40% of current medicinal drugs (Overington, J.P et al 2006). GPCRs are ubiquitous in mammalian (Bockaert, J. et al. 1999), regulate several physiological processes and play an important role in multiple diseases ranging from cardiovascular dysfunction, depression, pain, obesity to cancer (Rosenbaum D.M. et al. 2011). One member of this superfamily, named GPR30/GPER, mediates estrogen signaling in different cell contexts, leading to gene expression changes and relevant biological responses (Filardo E.J et al. 2000, Bologa C.G.et al. 2006, Maggiolini M. and Picard D. 2010). GPER acts by transactivating the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), which thereafter induces the increase of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium mobilization and the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (Maggiolini M. and Picard D. 2010). Moreover, the GPER-mediated transduction pathways activated by estrogens trigger the expression of a typical gene signature, including the expression of cfos and the gene encoding the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which are involved in the proliferation and migration of diverse cell types (Lappano R. et al 2012a, Madeo A. and Maggiolini M. 2010). On the basis of these findings, the first objective of the present study was the characterization of GPER from different points of view: GPERmediated signaling pathways and biological functions, selective ligands and molecular characterization of the receptors. In particular, the research project focused on:1. the transduction pathways by which the environmental contaminant Bisphenol A (BPA) influences cell proliferation and migration of human breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs); 2. the characterization of novel carbazole derivatives as GPER agonists in ER-negative breast cancer cells; 3. the isolation and characterization of GPER in estrogen-sensitive cancer cells by Mass Spectrometry. Additionally, the second section of this doctoral thesis was focused on the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of novel synthesized compounds, given the interest and the need to discover new molecules against cancer. In particular, novel titanocene-complexes were studied evaluating their ability to elicit repressive effects on the growth of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells.
Hybrid nanostructured fillers for polymer electrolytes in the PEM Fuel Cells
(2012-11-30) Angjeli, Kristina; Versace, Carlo; Nicotera, Isabella; Bartolino, Roberto
The present thesis is focused on the development of novel nancomposite membranes, prepared by the incorporation of two-dimensional inorganic layered structures such as (i) smectite clays (synthetic and natural), (ii) graphene oxide (GO), and (iii) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different compositions into the polymer matrix of Nafion, for use as electrolytes in Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells. The characteristics of the membranes were studied mainly, in terms of transport properties by NMR spectroscopy, in order to study the water dynamics inside the electrolyte membranes. For this purpose the Pulse-Field-Gradient Spin-Echo NMR (PFGSENMR) method was employed to obtain a direct measurement of water self-diffusion coefficients on the water-swelled membranes in a wide temperature range (25-140 °C). This technique together with the 1H-NMR spectral analysis and NMR spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) conducted under variable temperature. Furthermore, both pristine materials (fillers and Nafion) as well as the resulted nanocomposite membranes were characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), Raman spectroscopies and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).
Hydrophilic Ir(III) complexes suitable for the construction of functional mesoporous materials
(2012-11-27) Yadav, Yogesh Jivajirao; Versace, Carlo; Ghedini, Mauro; Bartolino, Roberto
Nowadays, intensive efforts have been carried out on the design of novel advanced molecular materials, which can self-assemble in a strong, directional and reversible way to construct supramolecular materials with specific properties. The rational design and preparation of supramolecular assemblies through the coordination of metal ions with organic ligands has attracted attention for developing novel crystalline materials with interesting structural topologies and promising applications, and has evolved as an interesting research. The metals used in these complexes can serve as structural components and/or as a source of properties (e.g., magnetic, catalytic, optoelectronic, etc). Cyclometallated Ir(III) octahedral complexes possess fascinating properties used in various applications such as luminescent and electrochemiluminescent labeling reagents for biological substrates1, sensors2, or electronic devices3,4. Recently, the interest in ionic Ir(III) complexes is growing rapidly because not only high internal quantum efficiency (~100%) can be achieved in principle, but also tunable emission wavelengths over the entire visible spectrum can be successfully obtained through ingenious modification of ligands. In particular, Ir(III) complexes based on the chelating ligand 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy) have been successfully applied in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and sensors.5 The theoretically calculated phosphorescence yield (Fp) of the Ir(III) complexes are close to unity in solution.6 The solution investigations have made great contributions to the fundamental understanding of luminescence processes at molecular level. The conclusions drawn from the dilute solution data, however, cannot commonly be extended to the concentrated solutions. Indeed, many Ir(III) complexes show very different light-emitting behaviors in dilute and concentrated solutions and respectively in the solid state. The luminescence is often weakened or quenched at high concentrations, a phenomenon widely known as “concentration quenching”. A main cause for the quenching process is mechanistically associated with the “formation of aggregates”, which is probably why the concentration quenching effect has frequently been referred to as “aggregationcaused quenching” (ACQ). On the other hand “aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission” (AIPE) is an unusual phenomenon existing also in transition metal complexes, which have no emission in solution but enhanced emission in the solid state.7 There are some examples of AIPE, most of them in neutral Ir(III) complexes.8, 9, 10, 11, 12 The main strategies to avoid unpleasant quenching phenomena are based on the dispersion of the chromophore. Mainly, two strategies are employed: engineering at molecular level by introducing functionalities able to electronically disconnect the chromophores (bulky groups or functionalities capable to construct hard crystalline or soft dynamic supramolecular assemblies) or isolating the active molecules in different host matrices (host-guest systems).13 In particular, the dispersion of a chromophore into mesoporous materials not only prevents the aggregation phenomena but also provides increased thermal, chemical and mechanical stability to the final materials. Mesoporous materials are ordered porous materials with periodic distribution of pores, high surface area, controllable large pore sizes in the range of 2 – 50 nm and variable topology of the pores. The inorganic matrixes may be made up of SiO2, TIO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, Nb2O5 etc. Basically, the synthesis of ordered functional mesoporous materials is based on the condensation of an inorganic scaffold on the organised structure formed in water by surfactant molecules. Two different strategies may be employed, the cooperative self-assembly mechanism (CSA) and the true liquid crystal templating’ (TLCT) mechanism.14 The functionalization of the mesoporous material may be done in both cases by inserting the chromophore into the primarily water solution. Therefore, water soluble chromophores may guarantee a better compatibility with the surfactant/water system, whereas a proper functionalization on the molecular structure of the chromophore that permit the self-assembly into supramolecular ordered water assemblies, will allow to use the chromophores directly as structure directing agents (SDAs). Since the photophysical properties of the ionic complexes are influenced profoundly by the surroundings of the molecule both in solution and in condensed states, it is fundamental to study the behavior of such complexes in these different states, in order to achieve a fine tuning of the properties as a function of their structure and order in the final material. The knowledge gained in the assembling of supramolecular materials using non-covalent bonds may be used for the construction of ordered systems in water. This strategy will permit the one-step synthesis of functional mesoporous materials, and to control the order of the final material controlling the order in water of the functional Ir(III) complexes. In particular, the molecular fragments that one can change to achieve the desired properties in the final ionic Ir(III) complexes are the cyclometallating or coordinating ligands, and respectively the counterion. My research therefore is focused on the design and synthesis of hydrophilic ionic Ir(III) complexes with flexible or rigid ancillary ligands and use of different counterions, all suitable for controlling the supramolecular assembly in the solid state, and to transfer the knowledge gained into obtaining ordered structures in water, or water-surfactant systems, necessary for the synthesis of mesoporous materials with defined properties. The ionic octahedral Ir(III) complexes synthesised during this thesis and their classification in different classes are presented in the figure S1
Modelling of nanostructured membranes for wasterwater purification
(2013-11-29) Bisignano, Federica; Bartolino, Roberto; De Luca, Giorgio
The removal of pollutants as well as the recovery of high added value molecules with low molecular weight is a current challenge in the wastewater treatment. Membrane processes can be considered as a viable option to solve these issues. In separations based membranes, high rejection of organic matter and water high permeability are two very important aspects that must be optimised. In general, the increase of the former comes at the expense of the latter because high rejection is cause of membrane fouling which in turns reduces dramatically the water permeability. Thus, membrane fouling constitutes one of the major limitations in membrane separation processes. The design of innovative materials which show high water permeability and at same time molecular rejection but with a low propensity to fouling is of fundamental relevance in this area. Mixed-matrix composite membranes where nanostructures such as Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) or Nano particles (NPs) are added, are receiving a huge focus since the properties of these nanostructures can confer an increase of the membrane efficiency in terms of permeability, selectivity, resistance and finally antifouling. The choice of the right nanomaterial can be highly accelerated by computational modelling. Thus, in this thesis an ab-initio modelling study in the frame of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) is carried out in order to investigate the structure-property relationships of nanostructures like CNTs and polyoxometalates NPs (POM). These nanostructures are used in the preparation of composite membranes in the frame of BioNexGen project [1] with the aim to propose novel membranes to be used in bioreactor for industrial waste water treatment. In particular, the rejection of CNTs towards organic solutes with low molecular weight coming from industrial waste water such as cosmetic, textile and oil olive was analysed in conjunction to the optimization of water permeability in CNTs. Also, the adsorption of POMs on polymeric membrane surface was analysed in order to understand if an efficient antifouling property can be imparted to the membranes by adding these NPs which possess excellent antibacterial and oxidants properties. While nanotube permeability has been extensively studied in both experimental and modelling works resulting in orders of magnitude water flow enhancements for tube diameters in the reverse osmosis and nanofiltration range [2], less work has been done on CNT selectivity of small organic solutes. Precise control of the CNTs synthesis allows for fine-tuning of the outer and inner diameters in the case of single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs and MWNTs, respectively), offering the possibility of controlling their selectivity toward small solutes. In this thesis a modelling study was, therefore, addressed to define the optimal CNT internal diameter that should be used in order to achieve a total rejection of several target compounds very difficult to separate. Three novel algorithms [3, 4] were implemented during the thesis for reach the aforementioned objective. These algorithms do not make use of any adjustable parameters (i.e. fitting parameters) being based on geometry optimizations carried out in the frame of high level of quantum approach (DFT) and topological analysis of the considered systems. In addition, the CNTs geometrical characteristics should be optimized in order to get the best compromise between permeability and rejection. The functionalizing of the nanotubes tip with specific functional groups capable of hindering the passage of solutes while allowing water molecules to flow has been suggested as a solution to this problem [5, 6]. Thus, a theoretical study of CNT-composite membranes was carried out in this work with the aim of optimizing the CNTs tip, through their functionalization, to maximise both water permeability and solutes selectivity. This study is the basis of the third implemented algorithm [7]. Concerning the membrane fouling, the analysis of the adsorption of antibacterial anionic NPs (i.e. POM) on the surface of polymeric membranes was carried out in this thesis in order to achieve an optimal adsorption of these NPs. Noncovalent interactions between POM and commercial surfactants, used in polymer membrane preparations, were evaluated. Anionic POMs are in fact promising antibacterial agents [8], therefore, an efficient exchange with the bromide ions, used to counterbalance the positive charge of the commercial surfactants, would allow to increase the efficiency of the membrane by reducing the organic and bio fouling. In order to achieve this result, besides the aforementioned POM-surfactants noncovalent interactions the electronic hydration energy of POM and bromide anions was also evaluated in order to predict the probable exchange of these anions on the polymer surface. The conclusions of this thesis are achieved by using only ab-initio methods thus the results can be considered quite generals and homogeneous, free from empirical or fitting parameters. A validation of the theoretically prediction is provided concerning the POM-bromide exchange by means of an ad hoc designed experiment. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretically predictions
Modern mass spectrometric applications in the structure and function evaluation of active principles
(2011-10-26) Malaj, Naim; Gabriele, Bartolo; Sindona, Giovanni; Bartolino, Roberto
New hybrid solar cell (СNT – RUTHENIUM DYE)
(2012-12-06) Siprova, Svetlana; Versace, Carlo; De Filpo, Giovanni; Bartolino, Roberto
Negli ultimi anni le applicazioni dei nanotubi di carbonio nel settore microelettronico sono notevolmente aumentate date le proprieta’ uniche. In particolare la conducibilita’ dei nanotubi fa si che essi trovino interessanti utilizzi nel settore fotovoltaico. Questo lavoro si concentra sulla progettazione di una cella solare ibrida a base di nanotubi di carbonio e dye di Rutenio. Nella prima parte sono stati studiati diversi metodi di realizzazione dello starto omogeneo di nanotubi come starto conduttivo della cella. E’ stata proposta la molecola 1-Pyrenemethanol che contiene i gruppi pirenico e ossidrilico, per creare il contatto tra i nanotubi ed il dye. Nella seconda parte del lavoro lo starto di nanotubi e’ stato formato mediante elettroforesi per single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) e metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) per multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Entrambi i metodi hanno dato la possibilita’ di creare campioni con ampia area superficiale, dai quali sono state fabbricate le celle solari. Sono state studiate determinate le dipendenze tra i fattori dei metodi e le proprieta’ delle celle prodotte.
New strategies for the synthesis of functionalized substituted bisphosphonates: chemistry and biological activity
(2012-11-29) MULANI, Iqbal Mubarak; Sindona, Giovanni; Gabriele, Bartolo; Bartolino, Roberto
The ever expanding cutting edge technologies in medicine for the benefit of society, the orthopedic branch is one among those significant branches in medicine pertaining to bone. Bisphosphonates (BPS) are being increasingly and successfully used to prevent bone fractures and the concerning problems of bone diseases such as Paget’s diseases, osteoporosis and tumour bone disease. In view of this specific problem, BPS are well established in the treatment of osteoclast -mediated resorbtive bone diseases including osteoporosis, Paget's disease and tumor-induced osteolysis. Recent studies suggest that, besides inhibiting bone resorbtion, BPS may also exert a direct antitumor effect, and this class of drugs has been shown to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis in vitro in different human tumor cell lines. BPs are classified into two groups according to their chemical structure and mechanism of action: (i) non nitrogen containing BPS such as etidronate and clodronate that are of low potency and inhibit osteoclast function via metabolism into toxic ATPmetabolites and (ii) nitrogen-containing BPS (NBPS), such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate which is the most potent antiresorptive agent. Hence in present investigation we synthesized some several bisphosphonates bearing a substituted isoxazolidine ring by direct 1, 3- dipolar cyclization reaction in the absence of solvent and good yield under novel, promising and low cost microwaves catalysis. The method allows the simultaneous incorporation on the geminal position of the bisphosphonate framework, of basic nitrogen and of an oxygen atom, as third hook. The studies on the inhibitory potency of cyclic nitrogen containing bisphosphonates indicate that the presence of two geminal phosphonate groups is responsible for interaction with the molecular target. In addition, basic nitrogen in the heterocyclic side chain affects potency and its orientation is critical for effective inhibition of bone diseases. For the synthetic point of view, different aryl and alkyl substituents on the isoxazolidine ring prompt us to investigate the ring opening of these compounds through cleavage of the N-O bond. This strategy represents a novel access to new gem-hydroxyl bisphosphonates, bearing aryl substituents on the lateral chain. The reductive cleavage of the N-O bond in isoxazolidines represents a simple and direct access to N-substituted aminoalcohols, valuable intermediates in many synthetic strategies. Moreover, additional reaction path way have been envisaged leading to the formation of non-hydroxyl bisphosphonates.
NMR in different partially ordered media: a route for structure, order and conformation of small organic compounds
(2013-11-20) Di Pietro, Marica Erica; Bartolino, Roberto; Merlet, Denis
NMR spectroscopy in weakly and highly orienting media is used as a route for dealing with orientational, positional, structural and conformational problems of a variety of small rigid and flexible organic molecules in solution. First, the very weak orientational order of a quasi-spherical molecule dissolved in a nematic phase is exploited for exploring the role of the different contributions to the observed dipolar coupling. In such a limit condition, a predominant effect of the non-rigid reorientationvibration coupling term emerges. Then, NMR data obtained from small rigid probes dissolved in smectic solvents are combined with a statistical thermodynamic density functional theory, in order to measure the positional order parameters of both solutes and solvent. The methodology gives good results when applied to a conventional smectic A liquid crystal and to the more delicate case of an interdigitated smectic Ad phase. The strategy is subsequently extended to the investigation of structure, order and conformational equilibrium of flexible bioactive or biomimetic molecules dissolved in various partially ordered NMR solvents. A first experimental and theoretical study is presented on the symmetric single-rotor molecule of biphenyl dissolved in a thermotropic liquid crystal. This test-case indicates molecular dynamics simulations are a promising tool for estimating a set of dipolar couplings of a solute in a thermotropic solvent, to be used as starting set of parameters in a standard operator-mediated NMR spectral analysis. Then, we report the conformational study of some single- and two-rotor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, belonging to the families of salicylates and profens, dissolved in weakly orienting chiral nematic PBLG phases. A new pulse sequence, the Gradient Encoded heTeronuclear 1H-19F SElective ReFocusing NMR experiment (GET-SERF), is proposed here for the trivial edition of all 1H-19F couplings in one single NMR experiment, for a given fluorine atom. Starting from homo- and heteronuclear dipolar couplings, difficult to extract in thermotropic solvents because of a too complex spectral analysis, the torsional distributions of such molecules can be satisfactory described by the Additive Potential model combined with the Direct Probability Description of the torsional distribution in terms of Gaussian functions (AP-DPD approach). Finally, the conformational and orientational study of two stilbenoids displaying cooperative torsions is discussed in both a highly and weakly ordering liquid crystal phase. This comparative study allows to draw some conclusions on reliability, accuracy and accessibility of desired data in the two phases. Overall, this work proves NMR in liquid crystals is a flexible and meaningful tool for studying order, structure and conformation and it can greatly benefit from the availability of several aligning media inducing a different degree of order.
Novel molecular materials for photo/electro conversion based on Palladium and Iridium organometallic complex
(2013-11-28) Ionescu, Andreea; Bartolino, Roberto; Versace, Carlo C.; Ghedini, Mauro; Godbert, Mauro
Questo lavoro di ricerca è dedicato allo sviluppo di nuovi materiali molecolari basati su complessi ciclometallati di Pd(II) e di Ir(III) per la foto/elettro conversione. Negli ultimi quindici anni, al fine di ottenere dispositivi più flessibili, più leggeri e più facilmente processabili, sono stati studiati principalmente materiali a base organica. Tali materiali presentano però, proprio a causa della loro natura organica, molteplici svantaggi, tra i quali scarsa qualità delle interfacce formate, limitata stabilità chimico-fisica in fase di funzionamento del dispositivo, difficile trasporto di carica, scarso assorbimento nel visibile e basse efficienze di luminescenza. Al fine di migliorare le prestazioni finali dei dispositivi elettro-ottici, è stata introdotta una nuova classe di materiali che utilizza come specie attive i composti organometallici. Nell’ambito di questo lavoro di tesi, sono stati sintetizzati nuovi complessi organometallici di Pd(II) e Ir(III) e ne sono state studiate le proprietà chimico-fisiche alla base dello sviluppo di materiali efficienti per la foto/elettro conversione. La prima parte del lavoro di tesi ha riguardato la preparazione di complessi per la conversione dell’energia solare. In particolare sono stati sintetizzati e caratterizzati nuovi complessi fotoconduttori ciclopalladati di Rosso Nilo, contenenti basi di Schiff opportunamente funzionalizzate come leganti ancillari. Inizialmente si è scelto di utilizzare il colorante Rosso Nilo come legante ciclometallante per le sue ottime proprietà di assorbitore di luce visibile. Il suo utilizzo ha inoltre comportato, nei complessi ottenuti, anche la separazione fisica su scala molecolare degli orbitali di frontiera HOMO e LUMO. In particolare i due orbitali risultano essere prevalentemente localizzati su due diversi frammenti molecolari. Tale separazione induce un efficiente processo di fotogenerazione che è alla base delle ottime proprietà di fotoconduzione osservate per questa classe di composti in un ampio intervallo di lunghezze d’onda. Per finalizzare l’utilizzo di complessi ciclopalladati di Rosso Nilo a specifiche applicazioni optoelettroniche, sono stati introdotti opportuni gruppi funzionali sia sul legante ciclometallante che sul legante ancillare In particolare i nuovi gruppi funzionali hanno permesso di : i) indurre proprietà mesomorfiche caratterizzate da un ampio grado di ordine in un grande intervallo di temperature e di ottenere così una nuova classe di metallomesogeni fotoconduttori; ii) aumentare la solubilità dei complessi preparati rendendo possibile il loro utilizzo unitamente al PC61BM, nella costruzione di celle solari ad eterogiunzione dispersa; iii) preparare, tramite il processo di elettropolimerizzazione, film sottili fotoconduttori di elevata qualità su elettrodi modificati; iv) poter ancorare i complessi sintetizzati a substrati di TiO2 e costruire celle solari di tipo Dye Sensitized (DSSCs). La seconda parte del lavoro di tesi, ha invece riguardato, la sintesi e la caratterizzazione fotofisica ed elettrochimica di complessi di Ir(III) per lo sviluppo di dispositivi elettroluminescenti. Sebbene esista in letteratura un elevato numero di esempi di complessi cationici di Ir(III) solamente pochi complessi anionici di Ir(III) sono stati descritti finora. Inoltre, i pochi esempi riportati, contengono leganti ancillari monodentati che rendono tali complessi chimicamente instabili all’interno di dispositivi elettroluminescenti. Al fine di ampliare la classe di composti anionici di Ir(III) esistenti e di migliorane la stabilità chimica, sono stati sintetizzati nuovi complessi anionici aventi leganti ancillari bidentati di tipo catecolato e orotato. E’ stata inoltre preparata e caratterizzata una nuova serie di “soft salt” di Ir(III) contenenti i nuovi complessi anionici ottenuti accoppiati ad opportuni complessi cationici di Ir(III) già noti in letteratura. Sono stati infine preparati e caratterizzati nuovi complessi luminescenti neutri di Ir(III) elettropolimerizzabili. Utilizzando tali complessi sono stati anche ottenuti film sottili elettrogenerati di alta qualità.
Novel organic optoelectronic materials
(2012-11-28) Cospito, Sante; Versace, Carlo; De Simone, Bruna Carla; Bartolino, Roberto
Il presente lavoro di Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca (Scuola di Dottorato in Scienza e Tecnica "Bernardino Telesio") dal titolo "Novel Organic Optoelectronic Materials" è stato svolto all'interno dei laboratori di "Organic Optoelectronic Materials" e "New Syntheses via Organometallic Catalysis" del Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università della Calabria. Nuovi semiconduttori organici potenzialmente impiegabili in dispositivi optoelettronici quali OLEDs, celle solari, transitors ed elettrocromici sono state progettate, sintetizzate e caratterizzate. La prima parte del lavoro ha riguardato la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di derivati di triarilammine, molecole elettron-donatrici (anodiche), da impiegare in dispositivi elettrocromici ("smart windows") per l'attenuazione della radiazione solare nel vicino infrarosso (NIR). L'intensa ed estesa banda di assorbimento nel NIR prodotta delle specie mono-ossidate ha suggerito l'impiego di queste triarilammine in dispositivi "complementari" in cui vengono utilizzate insieme a molecole elettron-accetrici (catodiche) elettrocromiche nel visibile, per un'ampia modulazione dello spettro solare. Tali sistemi sono stati dispersi all'interno di matrici polimeriche al fine di realizzare dei gel elettrocromici le cui prestazioni sono state ampiamente studiate. La risposta elettrocromica del gel è stata inoltre provata in un dispositivo plastico, dimostrandone le potenziali applicazioni campo dell'elettronica flessibile. La seconda parte del lavoro invece, ha riguardato la sintesi e lo studio delle proprietà di cristalli liquidi semiconduttori di tipo "n" (elettron-accetori) da impiegare in celle solari organiche "bulk heterojunction". Tali molecole, appartenenti alla famiglia dei viologeni estesi, hanno mostrato interessantissime proprietà mesomorfiche fortemente influenzate dalla lunghezza delle catene alchiliche ( a 9, 10 e 11 atomi di carbonio) e dell'anione utilizzato, la bis(triflimmide). Le proprietà elettrochimiche di questi composti sono state investigate sia in soluzione che nelle mesofasi. Un'efficace elettrocromismo dovuta (i) al doppio strato elettrico creato all'elettrodo degli anioni presenti e (ii) all'elevata sovrapposizione degli orbitali di frontiera dell'esteso sistema π- coniugato è stato osservato nelle fasi colonnari e smettiche in cui le molecole si sono auto-assemblate. Infine, le proprietà elettrocromiche di questi composti sono state studiate all'interno di film plastici utilizzabili in dispositivi quali i displays.
Pdl2 catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of anime derivatives leading to macrolactam, urea, oxamide, oxazolidinone and benzoxazolone derivatives
(2014-12-01) Dnyaneshwar, Shriram Raut; Bartolino, Roberto; Bartolo, Gabriele; Mancuso, Raffaella
Preparation and characterisation of polymerisable bicontinuous microemulsion membranes for water treatment application
(2013-12-02) Galliano, Francesco; Bartolino, Roberto; Gabriele, Bartalo; Figoli, Alberto; Veltri, Lucia
Climate changes, population growth and urbanization are some of the causes of water shortage in many countries of the world. Water is essential to the life of all living organisms and its preservation and responsible use are some of the challenges that humanity will face in the near future. In particular, the possibility of treating and re-using municipal and industrial wastewaters can represent an important solution to water scarcity. Technological breakthroughs have led to the development of a number of technologies that can be efficiently applied in wastewater treatment. Among them, membrane applications are receiving an increasing attention thanks to their versatility, low environmental impact, easy scale-up and high product quality. Aim of this thesis was to produce polymeric membranes obtained through the polymerisation of a polymerisable bicontinuous microemulsion (PBM). Bicontinuous microemulsions consist of an interconnected network of oil and water channels stabilised by a surfactant. Oil channels can be polymerised, forming the membrane matrix, while water channels remain unaffected, forming the pores. In the present work, for the first time PBM membranes were applied, by polymerisation, as coating material for commercial polyether sulfone (PES) membranes. In the first part of the work, the polymerisable surfactant acryloyloxy undecyltriethylammonium bromide (AUTEAB) was synthesised and used for microemulsion formulation. The possibility of using a non-polymerisable surfactant such as dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) was also evaluated. In the second part of the work, novel membranes prepared by microemulsion polymerisation were characterised in order to select the proper membrane with suitable characteristics and properties. Characterization tests carried out on PBM membranes showed the great potential that these membranes could have on wastewater treatment in membrane bioreactor (MBR) applications. In particular, the very smooth surface, the relatively high hydrophilicity and the channel-like structure (typical of the bicontinuous microemulsion) make PBM membranes less prone and highly resistant to fouling. This aspect is the key point if we consider that fouling is one the major drawbacks affecting almost all membrane processes. Fouling is mainly due to the deposition of organic and/or inorganic matter on the surface of the membrane, causing therefore a decline in membrane performance, an increase in energy consumption and (in severe cases) damage of the membrane structure. Furthermore, PBM membranes, due to the presence of a cationic surfactant, present an interesting antimicrobial activity. The possibility of having membranes with antimicrobial properties prevents the phenomenon of biofouling caused by the adhesion and the accumulation of microorganisms at membrane surface. PBM coated membranes were, then, successfully applied to the MBR process for the treatment of wastewater from textile dying. PBM coated membranes, when compared with commercial PES membranes, showed superior results for a long time (6 months) in terms of permeability and dye rejection. Moreover, less cleaning efforts were required leading to lower costs. Novel PBM coated membranes developed can be, thus, also applied to other membrane processes for wastewater treatment.
Qualita dell'olio e caratterizzazione molecolare di olea europea
(2011-10-26) Bucci, Cristina; Sindona, Giovanni; Bartolo, Gabriele; Bartolino, Roberto