Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche - Tesi di Dottorato
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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato afferenti al Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche dell'Università della Calabria.
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Item A computational mechanistic study of potentially evolving platinum based anticancer drugs(Università della Calabria, 2021) Dabbish, Eslam; Andò, Sebastiano; Sicilia, EmiliaMetals are known to play a fundamental physiological role inside human body affecting many of the biological functions. Analogously, metal based drugs can also have a similar impact. Cisplatin, a simple platinum complex, is well known to be a cytotoxic agent and the first approved and most widely used metal based drug for fighting cancer. Currently, used platinum containing anticancer agents namely cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin suffer from serious toxic side effects as well as acquired and inherent drug resistance against many types of cancer. Consequently, new platinum anticancer drug families evolved to overcome the current limitations of traditional platinum drugs. Monofunctional platinum complexes, Pt(IV) complexes, platinum complexes targeting mitochondria, platinum idodio derivatives and photoactivated platinum compounds are examples of some of such newly developed platinum based cytotoxic families. Computational chemistry has strongly grown over the past years with both the increase in computers capabilities and the development of new theories and efficient algorithms that can allow to handle bigger models in a reasonable time. Molecular modelling can give a wealth of information about the studied systems in terms of energies, electronic properties, geometries, conformations, structure/activity relationships, reaction mechanisms and many others. By using quantum mechanical methods like Density Functional Theory (DFT) and its time-dependant formulation TD-DFT and molecular dynamics (MD) computational tools, the mechanism of action of some selected examples of non-traditional platinum anticancer drug families have been studied in this thesis. Phenanthriplatin is the most effective member of a new class of platinum anticancer agents (7-40 times more active than cisplatin) known as monofunctional platinum anticancer drugs. In addition, it has started its clinical trials phase. Our computational mechanistic study of phenanthriplatin highlighted the importance of the role played by its unique chemical structure in the drug activation, interaction with DNA and transcription blockage. Targeting of mitochondrial DNA by means of platinum drugs can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells that causes tumour cells growth inhibition and apoptosis. We have undertaken a comparative study between three different isomers of a recently prepared triphenyl phosphonium modified monofunctional platinum complexes for their mechanism of action. Pt(IV) complexes are prodrugs that are reduced inside the body by means of abundant biological reducing agents like ascorbic acid to release the equivalent cytotoxic Pt(II) complexes. This reduction step is considered to be the limiting step for the activity of such class of drugs. In a series of studies, we have carried out a detailed mechanistic study to understand the relation between the nature of Pt(IV) complexes axial and equatorial ligands and the extent and mechanism of reduction by means of ascorbic acid at physiological pH. We highlighted the particular importance and impact of the nature of axial ligands on the reduction process. Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) technique allows the localized activation of drugs by means of specific wavelength light. A recently synthesized complex named platicur is a cis-diammineplatinum(II) complex of curcumin in which the Pt(II) centre is bound to a curcumin molecule as the leaving ligand. Upon light irradiation curcumin molecule is released together with the doubly aquated Pt(II) complex that can exert the required cytotoxic effect. In our study, we have provided a deep insight in the photoactivated excited states and their role in the photocleavage mechanism with the release of curcumin.Item Eco-friendly extraction of bioactive compounds from olive (drupes and leaves), Stevia and Schizochytrium sp.(2017-04-13) Santoro, Ilaria; Andò, Sebastiano; Sindona, Giovanni; Nardi, MonicaThe use of nutraceutical compounds, as well as their extraction from natural sources, is now the subject of studies in various sectors. The research groups working in this field focus their attention on the optimization of extraction methods that combine the economic aspect with the ecological one. High-value active principles can be recovered from wastes of agri-food farms or industries. The purpose of this work was the evaluation of green extracting techniques and characterization of different bio-active compounds recovered from different matrices. The main goals were: The development of an easy analytical approach for the identification and assay of Stevia sweeteners in commercially available soft drink based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry; Extraction and characterization of active compounds from Olive (drupes and leaves) wastewaters, monitored by Liquid Chromatography (LC)-Electro Spray Ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) Extraction and characterization of lipids from alghe Schizochytrium sp. and identification of new adducts of fatty acids, monitored by Gas Chromatography/Liquid Chromatography (LC)-Electro Spray Ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)Item Transition metal-based complexes as chemitherapeutic agents. Theoretical investigation of MoA, interaction with biological molecules and environmental conditions(2017-05-05) Ritacco, Ida; Andò, Sebastiano; Sicilia, EmiliaMolti metalli e, conseguentemente, molti complessi metallici svolgono ruoli importanti all’interno di sistemi biologici e biochimici. Oggigiorno, è risaputo che essi rappresentano ingredienti molto importanti per la vita altrettanto quanto i composti organici. Per esempio, i complessi di ferro svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel trasporto di O2 nel sangue, i complessi di calcio sono alla base delle ossa, lo zinco è presente nell’ insulina che regola la quantità di zucchero nel nostro corpo. Questo è possibile perché i metalli possiedono particolari proprietà chimiche. Infatti, tendono facilmente a perdere elettroni, diventando specie elettron-deficienti più reattive nei confronti di diverse molecole biologiche e più solubili in soluzioni acquose. I metalli non solo sono elementi vitali in molti fenomeni biologici, ma possono anche essere sfruttati per il trattamento di diverse malattie. L'esempio più importante di questa categoria di composti è il complesso organometallico cisplatino [Pt(Cl)2(NH3)2], il chemioterapico più potente disponibile sul mercato. Scoperto nel 1969 da Rosenberg, esso svolge un ruolo chiave nell’ inibizione della divisione cellulare, causando la morte delle cellule tumorali. Dopo la scoperta della sua attività citotossica, l'applicazione di farmaci metallici nelle varie terapie ha registrato una crescita enorme e la continua ricerca dell'uso di metalli in medicina, in particolare per la cura del cancro, è diventata una disciplina, indicata come Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry. Dopo la scoperta del cisplatino, altri due farmaci antitumorali a base di platino, derivati del cisplatino, sono stati scoperti: carboplatino e ossaliplatino. Questi complessi esercitano la loro azione citotossica coordinando il DNA e bloccando la divisione cellulare. Tuttavia, anche se questi complessi, di formula generale [Pt(X)2(L)2], sono ancora tra i farmaci più frequentemente utilizzati, risultano essere tossici a causa della loro reattività e instabilità. In questi anni, per superare i problemi relativi all’uso di complessi di Pt(II), l’ attenzione è stata concentrata sullo sviluppo di nuovi complessi, generando due diverse categorie di farmaci antitumorali: i complessi di Pt(IV), considerati "profarmaci" e ottenuti per ossidazione dai complessi di Pt(II), e i "farmaci che non contengono platino", come i complessi di iridio, rodio, osmio o rutenio. Le caratteristiche di questi farmaci dovrebbero renderli più inerti, quindi più efficaci dei complessi di Pt(II), e provocare una differenziazione nel meccanismo di azione. Lo studio teorico dei sistemi biologici ha ormai raggiunto la maturità necessaria per fornire informazioni complementari rispetto a quelle ottenibili sperimentalmente nello studio di molte proprietà e fenomeni. Infatti, l’impressionante sviluppo sia delle metodologie teoriche, sia della tecnologia informatica ha consentito di fornire un importante supporto di studi teorici alle bioscienze. Inoltre, l’uso della teoria del funzionale della densità (DFT), che rappresenta un ottimo compromesso tra accuratezza e costi computazionali, è particolarmente adatto allo studio dei sistemi biologici come dimostrato dal fatto che negli ultimi anni sono stati completati con successo molti studi DFT e sono state affrontate questioni fondamentali nelle simulazioni biologiche. Scopo di questa tesi è lo studio teorico di farmaci antitumorali contenenti metalli, in particolare complessi di Pt(IV) e Ir(III), delle principali reazioni del farmaco che avvengono dal momento della sua iniezione o somministrazione orale al raggiungimento del suo bersaglio biologico e investigazione del meccanismo di azione che può essere sia quello classico, già proposto per il cisplatino e, quindi, associato all’accumulo cellulare e al legame con il DNA, sia un meccanismo di diversa natura. In alcuni casi, la teoria del funzionale della densità è stata utilizzata come approccio computazionale supportato da calcoli eseguiti a livello Coupled Cluster post Hartree-Fock nella sua versione CCSD(T).Item Computational study of new drugs for photodynamic therapy(2017-05-05) Pirillo, Jenny; Andò, Sebastiano; Russo, Nino; Mazzone, GloriaPhotodynamic'therapy'(PDT)'is'a'non:invasive'therapeutic'technique' for' the' treatment' of' different' kind' of' tumours' through' the' production' of' reactive'oxygen'species'(ROS)'that'act'as'cytotoxic'agents.'''' PDT'works' through' the' associated' events' of' three' key' components:' photosensitizer' (PS),' visible' or' near:infrared' region' light,' and' molecular' oxygen'in'tissues.'In'general,'after'the'injection'of'a'PS'agent'and'subsequent' accumulation' in' the' target' tissues,' the'agent' is'activated'by' a' radiation'with' appropriate' wavelength' to' give' a' photosensitization' of' the' endogenous' oxygen'(photoreaction'of'type'II)'or'the'production'of'free'radicals'from'the' surrounding'molecules' (photoreaction' of' type' I).' In' both' cases,' a' cytotoxic' species'is'generated,'and'destruction'of'the'cancer'cells'occurs.' Success'in'PDT'relies'on'the'advantage'that'a'non:invasive'technique can'selectively'annihilate'altered'cells'without'undesirable'side'effects.'Recent' research' in'PDT'has' been' focused' on' the'development' of'more' specific' and' powerful'PSs.' In' this' thesis,' the' photophysical' properties' of' different' kinds' of' PSs,' found' to'be'good'candidates' for'PDT,'have'been' investigated.'The'PSs'under' study'differ'in'the'chemical'nature'and'in'the'photosensitization'mechanism:' i)' PSs' based' on' the' nucleobases' analogue' of' DNA' can' be' used' as' UVA' chemotherapeutic'agents,'due'to'their'absorption'in'the'range'300−400'nm;' ii)'PSs'based'on'the'Ru(II)'polypyridine'complex,'which'are'designed'to'give'a' long:lying'excited'state,'can'act'as'PSs'through'both'type'I'and'II'reactions;'iii)' PSs' based' on' aza:BODIPY' core' should' be' of' interest' for' type' II'mechanism.' Other' BODIPY' derivatives,' linked' to' an' antioxidant' molecule' (e.g.' α: tocopherol)' have' been' suggested' to' obtain' a' chemicontrolled' 1O2' photosensitization.' Density' functional' theory' (DFT)' and' time:dependent' DFT' (TD:DFT)' have' been'employed'in'all'the'computations.''Item New non invasive conservation methods for cultural heritage(2017-06-12) Dalena, Francesco; Andò, Sebastiano; Chidichimo, GiuseppeItem Advanced mass spectrometric approaches for the determination of food quality and development of new methodologies for enrichment of nutraceuticals in functional foods(2018-02-27) Bartella, Lucia; Andò, Sebastiano; Di Donna, LeonardoThe research works presented in this Ph.D. thesis are based on the nutraceuticals and functional foods research. The first part of the thesis deals with three main topics: 1. Structural characterization of new HMG-flavonoids in bergamot juice Two unknown 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl flavanone glycosides were identified and characterized by the combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry experiments. 2. Preparation of extracts enriched in HMG-flavonoids A novel food-grade procedure to obtain HMG-flavonoids enriched extracts with an high purity grade was developed. The purification procedure was tested on different citrus fruits, i.e. bergamot, sour orange and chinotto. 3. Development of a new procedure for the enrichment of foodstuffs in hydroxytyrosol New functional foods are presented. They were obtained by the enrichment of foodstuffs generally used in daily diet, i.e. flour, whole wheat flour and sugar, with the nutraceutical compound hydroxytyrosol. The second part concerns the development of advanced mass spectrometric analytical procedure for quality assessment of foods, through the quantification of nutraceutical compounds and the determination of target quality molecules. The works presented in this field are the following: 1. Determination of Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol derivatives compounds in Extra Virgin olive oil by Microwave Hydrolysis and LC-MS/MS analysis A novel method to determine the absolute amount of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol derivatives in EVOO samples was developed. The procedure consists in a simple and fast microwave assisted acidic hydrolysis reaction, combined with the use of liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry analysis. 2. Absolute Evaluation of Hydroxytyrosol in Extra Virgin Olive Oil by Paper Sray Tandem Mass Spectrometry A novel and fast methodology for the evaluation of the absolute amount of Hydroxytyrosol in extra virgin olive oil was set up. The method is based on the exploitation of paper spray ionization (PS) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 3. Discriminant Analysis of Vegetables Oils by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry and Statistical Approach An innovative approach for the characterization of triacylglycerols profile of different vegetable oils was developed. The method employs the paper spray ionization technique that in combination with chemometric analysis has allowed to discriminate the extra virgin olive oil from the others vegetable oils commonly used as adulterants. 4. Quantitative Evaluation of Caffeine in beverages and drugs by Paper spray tandem Mass Spectrometry A simple and fast method for the quantification of caffeine in beverages and drugs is presented. Also this analytical procedure is based on the use of paper spray tandem mass spectrometry.Item Design, synthesis and characterization of biologically active heterocyclic organic compounds(2018-04-13) Algieri, Vincenzo; Andò, Sebastiano; De Nino, AntonioItem Development and optimization of analytical protocols based on microextraction techniques for clinical screening and environmental control(2019-03-21) Elliani, Rosangela; Andò, Sebastiano; Tagarelli, AntonioThe development of analytical protocols for the determination of analytes at trace levels in complex matrices (e.g. biological fluids or contaminated water) is a crucial point for the environmental assessment and monitoring as well as for scientific research in the field of disease biomarkers. An essential part of analytical method development is represented by sample preparation due to its significant impact on most of the subsequent steps and the data quality. In recent years, the application of pro-ecological, automated, solvent-free sample preparation approaches or techniques employing a minimal amount of solvents or safe and non-toxic extractants has become one of the most popular research topics in analytical chemistry. In this context, microextraction techniques represent a suitable choice for the extraction of analytes from complex matrices because these techniques use less organic solvent and allow to perform in a single step extraction and concentration of analytes. Moreover, the use of microextraction techniques for sample preparation reduces the number of errors that commonly result from multi-stage procedures, and limits the negative impact on the environment and the health of analytical chemists performing laboratory work. The goal of this Ph.D project was the development and optimization of analytical methods based on the use of microextraction techniques for the assay of disease biomarkers and environmental contaminants in biological fluids and environmental matrices. The microextraction techniques employed in this thesis were solid phase microextraction (SPME) and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). SPME was used to evaluate the applicability of a new fiber (PDMS/DVB/PDMS) as analytical sampling tool for investigation in raw human urine. The PDMS/DVB/PDMS fiber was exploited to develop a DI-SPME-GC-MS method for the assay of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with 2-6 aromatic rings in untreated human urine samples. Moreover, in the light of the increasing demand of faster and easier protocols allowing the assessment of disease biomarkers, SPME was applied to develop a reliable and rapid GC-MS approach for the determination of polyamines in human urine. Indeed, polyamines are widely recognized as among the most important cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment. SPME was also applied for the extraction of nine phthalates monoesters in urine samples. These compounds are important metabolites of phthalates and their assay can reliably rank exposures to phthalates over a period. MEPS was used to extract organophosphate ester flame retardant in aqueous matrices and, again, monoesters phthalates in urine. In both methods, in order to improve method sensitivity, programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) was chosen as gas chromatographic injection technique. For polyamines and phthalates monoesters, a prior derivatization step with suitable reagents was carried out before gas chromatographic analysis so as to improve chromatographic elution and resolution by decreasing volatility and polarity of analytes. Derivatization reaction was performed directly in aqueous samples using alkyl chloroformates. The combined use of alkyl chloroformate as derivatizing reagent and SPME for analyte extraction was chosen to develop a simple protocol involving minimal sample handling and no consumption of toxic organic solvents. The variables affecting the different steps of the proposed protocols were optimized by the multivariate approach of experimental design which has allowed for the simultaneous investigation of the different factors in the entire experimental domain and the possible synergic effects between variables. In this thesis, experimental design was used to optimize the parameters influencing SPME extraction, MEPS extraction, PTV process and derivatization reaction. Gas chromatographic analyses were carried out using a GC-QqQ-MS instrument in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) acquisition which has allowed to obtain reconstructed chromatograms with well-defined chromatographic peaks and to achieve high specificity through the selection of appropriate precursor-product ion couples, improving the capability in analyte identification. Finally, during the period as visiting Ph.D student at University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, the object of research activity, coordinated by Professor Torsten C. Schmidt, concerned the extraction of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in wastewater by solid phase microextraction arrow (SPME arrow).Item Theoretica investigation of reactions catalyzed by enzymes with and without metal ions in the active site(2019-02-18) Prejanò, Mario; Andò, Sebastiano; Marino, TizianaItem Remediation of polluted waters by means of surface modified natural cellulose fibers(2019-03-21) Tursi, Antonio; Andò, Sebastiano; Chidichimo, Giuseppe