Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione - Tesi di Dottorato
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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato afferenti al Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione dell'Università della Calabria.
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Item Nuove strategie sperimentali per la comprensione e il trattamento dell’ischemia cerebrale(2011-11-28) Blasi, Francesco; Bagetta, Giacinto; Moskowitz, Michael A.; Chiarugi, AlbertoIschemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disabilities worldwide. Although the pathophysiology of stroke has been studied extensively and several drugs have been proposed in preclinical trials, the pharmacological approach to stroke treatment still remains limited to thrombolysis. The development of neuroprotective strategies is crucial to preserve the integrity of the so-called neurovascular unit (the network of neurons, glial components and endothelial cells which interact regulating brain homeostasis) during and following an ischemic event, and then to increase the chances of neurological recovery. Furthermore, a relevant part of all stroke subtypes has not been studied yet, because the lack of specific animal models able to mimic their pathological features. This Ph.D. Thesis, indeed, was aimed both at study new therapeutic strategies to treat stroke pathology and at elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms not yet fully understood. In the first part of this dissertation, I propose a new drug to treat acute ischemic stroke, the 5’-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). AMP administration reduces the infarct size after 90’ of middle cerebral artery occlusion acting on the modulation of body temperature. In particular, AMP reduces the temperature in a dose-dependent manner through the stimulation of Adenosine-1 receptors in the Central Nervous System, as demonstrated using specific inhibitors. Since endogenous AMP is also able to modulate body temperature, I conclude that the stimulation of AMP signaling pathway is beneficial in an experimental model of stroke and may offer a new target to design neuroprotective drugs In the second part of my Ph.D. Thesis I show the relationship between PARP-1 inhibitors and the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance. PARP-1 inhibition have been shown to improve stroke outcome in several animal models of cerebral ischemia, but its unclear if their use affects the development of brain tolerance. To investigate this aspect, I have studied PARP-1 activity in an animal model of ischemic preconditioning and I have evaluated the extent of neuroprotection provided by the brain conditioning using both pharmacological and genetic modulation of PARP-1. My results show that PARP-1 is not involved in our model of ischemic preconditioning and its pharmacological modulation doesn’t affect the mechanisms of brain tolerance The last chapter is focused on a new animal model to study the lacunar stroke. Deep white matter and lacunar strokes accounts for more than one quarter of all ischemic strokes, but our knowledges of this stroke subtype are incomplete. I have characterized a selective model of sub-cortical white matter stroke, showing both axonal and myelin degeneration and behavioral deficits induced by a lesion strategically located to mimic human pathology. Since the development of vascular dementia, a neurological condition leading to progressive cognitive skills loss and strictly connected to lacunar strokes, is associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, I have studied the time-course of BBB opening in this animal model to clarify the relationship between white matter fiber degeneration and BBB breakdown leading to vasogenic edema. This model can help to better understand important pathophysiological mechanisms in the field of ischemic lacunar strokesItem Caratterizzazione pre-clinica di una nuova strategia terapeutica per l'ischemia cerebrale identificata mediante drug repurposing di un antibiotico macrolide(2013-11-30) Certo, Michelangelo; Amantea, Diana; Sisci, DiegoCerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of disability and mortality worldwide and the only pharmacological treatment currently available is thrombolysis. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying ischemic injury has led to the identification of several neuroprotective compounds aimed at the recovery of the damaged brain tissue. However, most of these drugs have produced disappointing results in clinical trials because of the high toxicity or lack of efficacy in patients. Therefore, there is a real need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that do not consider neurons as the only target. In fact, the neuronal damage is strongly influenced by the inflammatory and immune processes that develop both locally and systemically after ischemia. The inflammatory response evolves slowly, and this allows to significantly expand the time window for pharmacological intervention, highlighting the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs. Therefore, the first objective of this work was to characterize central and peripheral inflammatory responses that occur following an ischemic insult in rodents. In particular, in order to identify potential targets, we have evaluated the temporal profile of activation of specific inflammatory cells. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed an early activation of microglia and astrocytes in the ischemic hemisphere, as a result of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rodents. We have also detected a massive brain recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, with a peak of infiltration 48 hours after the insult, whereas T lymphocytes have been identified only at later times. Together with evidence from microarray studies demonstrating that the majority of genes modulated acutely in the blood of stroke patients resides in neutrophils and monocytes, our findings suggest that these cells may be useful therapeutic targets. Using the repurposing approach we have selected a drug, azithromycin, that is able to modulate the functions of macrophages and neutrophils in pathological conditions other than ischemia. Pre-treatment with azithromycin (150 mg/kg, orally) produces a significant reduction of the cerebral infarct volume induced by transient or permanent MCAo in rats. This suggests a potential prophylactic use of the drug during surgical procedures associated to a high risk of ischemic tissue damage. We have also observed the neuroprotective activity of azithromycin when the drug is administered systemically after a transient ischemic insult. The reduction of the infarct volume induced by transient MCAo is dose-dependent (ED50 = 0.59 mg/kg in mice, ED50 = 1.19 mg/kg in rats) and is approximately 60% (compared to vehicle) with the most effective dose of azithromycin (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The neuroprotective doses in rodents are therefore much lower than the antibiotic ones. We have also documented that the reduction of the infarct volume and the improvement of the neurological deficit due to azithromycin post-treatment (150 mg/kg, ip) are maintained up to 7 days after the insult. Furthermore, the time window of efficacy is rather wide, since neuroprotection is observed with the drug administered up to 6 hours after the insult both in rats and in mice subjected to transient MCAo. The characterization of the neuroprotective effects of azithromycin, demonstrated by the present study in models of focal ischemia in rodents, provides the basis for the validation of the drug efficacy in patients suffering from ischemic stroke.Item Ruolo del sistema endocannabinoide nei meccanismi di neuroprotezione da 17β-estradiolo in un modello sperimentale di ischemia cerebrale focale(2013-10-28) Mazzei,Cinzia; Bagetta,GiacintoIn questo studio sono stati determinati i livelli endogeni dell’endocannabinoide finora meglio caratterizzato, anandamide (AEA) e l’attività degli enzimi responsabili, rispettivamente, della sua sintesi e degradazione, la NAPE-PLD e la FAAH, nella corteccia e nello striato di ratti sottoposti ad occlusione dell’arteria cerebrale media (MCAo) di 2 ore. È stato osservato che il contenuto di AEA nello striato di ratti sottoposti a MCAo, ma non nella corteccia, era significativamente incrementato (all’incirca di 3 volte rispetto ai ratti controllo, P < 0.01) e questo incremento era accompagnato parallelamente da un aumentata attività della NAPE-PLD (di circa 1.7 volte rispetto ai ratti controllo, P < 0.01) e da una ridotta attività (~ 0.6 volte; P<0.05) ed espressione della FAAH (~0.7 volte; P< 0.05). Questi effetti indotti dalla MCAo venivano ulteriormente potenziati da un ora di riperfusione, mentre il legame dell’AEA al recettore cannabinoide CB1 e al recettore vanilloide TRPV1 non erano influenzati in maniera significativa dall’insulto ischemico. Inoltre, il trattamento con l’antagonista del recettore CB1, SR141716, e non quello con l’agonista R-(+)- WIN55,212-2, ha dimostrato di ridurre significativamente (33%; P<0.05) il volume cerebrale d’infarto dopo 22 ore di riperfusione; mentre la somministrazione di una dose neuroprotettiva di 17β-estradiolo (0.20 mg/kg, i.p.), che era in grado di ridurre il volume d’infarto del 43%, si dimostrava capace anche di ridurre l’effetto dell’ischemia cerebrale sul sistema endocannabinoide in maniera recettore estrogenico dipendente. In conclusione, abbiamo dimostrato che il sistema endocannabinoide è implicato nella fisiopatologia del danno cerebrale tMCAo indotto e che la modulazione farmacologica di questo sistema endogeno da parte dell’estradiolo conferisce neuroprotezione.