Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente - Tesi di Dottorato

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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato afferenti al Dipartimento di Ingegneria per l'Ambiente e il Territorio e Ingegneria Chimica dell'Università della Calabria.

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Applicazione della shallow water equations per la simulazione numerica a scala di bacino degli eventi alluvionali
(Università della Calabria, 2020-04-16) Gangi, Fabiola; Critelli, Salvatore; Macchione, Francesco; Costanzo, Carmelina
La valutazione del rischio idraulico connesso alle piene dei corsi d’acqua è particolarmente delicata quando gli eventi alluvionali hanno carattere impulsivo, come accade nei bacini di modeste dimensioni. L’approccio correntemente utilizzato per l’analisi idraulica è quello di individuare dei singoli tratti di interesse dei corsi d’acqua. L’analisi è condotta sulla base di idrogrammi di progetto ricavati mediante modelli idrologici del tipo afflussi-deflussi. In questa memoria sarà invece applicato un approccio basato sull’analisi degli effetti idraulici provocati da un evento meteorico considerando come dominio per il calcolo idraulico l’intero bacino idrografico. Tale approccio è in grado di individuare situazioni di pericolo in zone che magari non sarebbero state esaminate. L’uso di modelli idrodinamici basati sulle shallow water equations, è diventato oggetto di crescente interesse per simulare eventi a scala di bacino. Un fattore che può essere limitante ai fini dell’ottenimento di risultati conseguibili con il dettaglio fisico garantito dalle SWEs è la dimensione delle celle di calcolo. Questa deve essere sufficientemente piccola da garantire un’accurata simulazione degli effetti idraulici e contestualmente non troppo piccola per non rendere proibitiva la mole dei calcoli su domini estesi. In questa ottica, il presente lavoro propone di occuparsi dell’individuazione dei criteri per la delimitazione delle aree a pericolosità idraulica definendo la più grande dimensione che può essere assegnata alla cella di calcolo per ottenere risultati sufficientemente affidabili. A tal fine, un modello numerico basato sulle SWE, sviluppato dagli autori e parallelizzato utilizzando le direttive OPENMP e MPI, è stato applicato al bacino del fiume Beltrame, collocato sulla costa Est della Calabria. Il torrente Beltrame, come altri torrenti della fascia ionica calabrese, è stato interessato, in passato, da eventi alluvionali di notevoli dimensioni. Si prenderà qui in esame l’evento accaduto il 10 settembre 2000. La risoluzione dei dati topografici a disposizione è variabile. Il 39% ha una copertura di dati DTM a risoluzione 5 metri, il 59% ha copertura di dati LiDAR a risoluzione 1 metro e l’2% ha copertura di dati LiDAR a risoluzione 2 metri. A partire dai dati topografici, sono stati generati quattro domini computazionali con griglie di tipo non strutturato, uniforme, con elementi triangolari (con area variabile da 36 a 900 m2). Le differenze tra i risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati in termini di estensione di aree allagate e distribuzione dei valori della pericolosità all’interno delle aree perimetrate, quest’ultima quantificata secondo il prodotto hV, dove h è la profondità della corrente in un assegnato punto e in un assegnato istante e V è la contestuale velocità. La valutazione della sovrapponibilità delle aree per ciascuna classe di pericolosità è stata eseguita utilizzando diversi indici quali: Hit Rate, False Alarm Ratio, Critical Success Index. L’analisi condotta nella presente memoria ha messo in luce che, a scala di bacino, gli errori sui massimi tiranti crescano significativamente al crescere delle dimensioni delle celle di calcolo, sebbene essi si mantengano più contenuti, anche usando le griglie più grossolane, per la parte valliva, caratterizzata da estensioni più ampie dell’area allagata. In ogni caso sembra che questo abbia una scarsa ricaduta sulla valutazione della pericolosità. I calcoli e i confronti hanno mostrato che le aree a diversa pericolosità si distribuiscono all’interno dell’area del bacino in maniera simile. Inoltre, anche se non si arriva ad una perfetta sovrapposizione areale, esse sono collocate spazialmente in modo che o si sovrappongono parzialmente o, se sono delle strisce sottili, hanno dislocazioni molto prossime le une alle altre. si ritiene che anche con la griglia più grossolana si possa impiantare una buona analisi della pericolosità a scala di bacino, certamente con precisione maggiore andando dai rami montani del reticolo – più stretti - a quelli più ampli che provocano esondazioni in zone vallive.
Approccio metodologico per la valutazione modulare della vulnerabilità finalizzata alla riduzione dei rischi naturali antropici 2021
(Università della Calabria, 2021-05-10) Maletta, Roberta; Critelli, Salvatore; Mendicino, Giuseppe
Vulnerability is an important component of risk assessment and represents the main element in the risk perception. Typically, the characteristics related to social, cultural, physical and institutional factors increase the susceptibility of an individual or a community, to the impacts of hazards. Vulnerability is described as a dynamic phenomenon that can vary significantly across time and space; it is greatly influenced by human actions and behaviors, by the emergency response related to road accessibility. As a consequence, there is a continuing need for risk reduction disaster strategies to shift attention from assessing hazard events toward reducing vulnerabilities within social systems. Describing and quantifying vulnerability is an important challenge along this path. Our current understanding of vulnerability is guided by methodologies, indicators and measurement standards derived from different schools of thought. This thesis presents a methodological approach to describe and to assess the vulnerability index at the inter-municipal scale, using three indices. Spatial analysis is conducted on the basis of census zones in an area defined as “Territorial Context” (TC) characterized by the union of municipalities. A measure of modular vulnerability is evaluated on the basis of inductive methods. Vulnerability is defined as the conditions determined from social and economic factors from human and climatic territorial pressures, from critical issues generated by past events and from the functioning of road infrastructures during an event. The three modular components of the vulnerability are: TCVIpeople (Territorial Context Vulnerability index-people); TCVIexposure (Territorial Context Vulnerability index-exposure); and TCVIemergency (Territorial Context Vulnerability index-emergency). Thirty-eight variables are selected and geoprocessed for each of the 195 census analysis units in the Mediterranean study area of southern Italy. Using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation and Kaiser criterion for component selection, the social and territorial vulnerability index, are identified. The third vulnerability index, TCVIemergency, is processed through the transport modeling technique. In the latter case, a contextual interruption of all road network exposed to the highest level of hazard is assumed. Models are implemented to assess the forest fire, flood and landslide hazards. The TCVIemergency index is calculated (on the basis of the differences in travel time, after and before the event, from the origin (centroids of the census areas) to the destination points (strategic buildings in emergency planning and civil protection operational structures), using the shortest paths network model. This index can provides useful information for evacuation planning and rescue operation during emergency situations. A fuzzy logic model is used to evaluate the vulnerability classification, while the fuzzy overlay function is used to calculate the final aggregate TCVI index. The performance of classification models is measured by some statistical metrics. A dedicated Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to capture, geo-process and display spatial data recorded at different scales. The GIS technology allows to evaluate and visualize the results, through maps, as a realistic representation and to identify and manage the process. The results contribute to debates in contemporary literature on vulnerability in many ways. First these analyses constitute an attempt to quantify and mapping vulnerability at census area in a natural or handmade scenario. Secondly new variables like the road network representing the category most damaged during the events, with the greatest repercussions on the community and on the economy, are introduced. The current methods of vulnerability assessment are in fact mainly based on social aspects, the built environment and climatic factors, leaving out the importance of the road infrastructure. The model is developed at the census area, which is the smallest geographic unit that the National Institute of Statistics uses to aggregate demographic data, in an inter-municipal area. It is well known that vulnerability is a scale-dependent variable and it could be very accurate for larger spatial scales than the TC area. Moreover, new classification criteria for vulnerability maps are investigated, using fuzzy set theories. Finally, working with the territorial contexts TC, a new approach for risk reduction is defined, in order to better meet the needs of the Civil protection activities. This is the first national attempt to calculate the spatial distribution of vulnerability in a territorial context functional to emergency planning. Through this study, a comprehensive understanding of the relative driving components contributing to the overall vulnerability is achieved. Results show significant differences in the spatial distribution of the social vulnerability, highlighting the multidimensionality and heterogeneity of the municipal characteristics. The TCVI in the southern and central part of TC is higher than that its northern and western parts. In general, by analyzing the results of the vulnerability values it must be noted that about 56% of census areas are characterized by low and low-medium, while 35 % fall into categories labelled with high, very high and the remaining 9% falls into the moderate vulnerability category. The vulnerability maps provide useful territorial information, that can support policy-makers for prevention and emergency management. Within the context of natural and handmade hazards, the TCVI could be used to manage the repartition of resource, helps to determine which places may need specialized attention during immediate response and long-term recovery after an extreme event. It can provide an indication of the housing areas that need development and humanitarian aids and can provide guidance for better preparedness, response and mitigation strategies. The vulnerability maps can also be used as guidance to road administrations in the planning and in their investment to prioritize interventions and for normal maintenance and control activities. Actions and emergency measure are directly connected with resilience, then this work can help to strong intent to increase capacity building of human resources, better land use management, increasing preparedness and emergency measures that are taken during and after event. Following the introduction section, the present study is composed by two main sections that delve into: 1) conceptual frameworks for vulnerability and hazards assessments. This is accomplished by discussing the relevant primary research literature and analyzing the events recorded in the past; 2) methodological approaches to model natural and anthropic hazards and for vulnerability measuring in a Territorial Context. An application in the Territorial Context of Marina of Gioiosa Ionica in Southern Italy, is developed. Finally, the last section presents the main conclusions of the study and potential developments. Keywords: forest fire, landslide and flood hazard, vulnerability index, territorial context, indices and maps, social and territorial vulnerability, road susceptibility.
Valorisation of plastic wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) containing PVC by MFI-zeolites mediated catalytic pyrolysis
(Università della Calabria, 2022-02-02) Marino, Alessia; Critelli, Salvatore; Giordano, Girolamo; Serrano, David P.
Experimental investigation of system performance for combined desalination processes with membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI)
(Università della Calabria, 2021-10-31) Cañas Kurz, Edgardo E.; Critelli, Salvatore; Gabriele, Bartolo; Figoli, Alberto; Hoinkis, Jan
The water supply in many coastal regions worldwide is affected by progressive salinization. Here, the use of desalination technologies is a viable solution for obtaining freshwater. In this thesis, two modular concepts for brackish water (BW) desalination by the use of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) and low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) were developed and tested at laboratory and pilot-scales with two pilot plants installed in Vietnam. The two concepts were developed by using computer-based calculations (software: WAVE) and evaluated in a socioeconomic and environmental multi-criteria analysis. The first plant consisting of subsurface arsenic removal (SAR) as pre-treatment and MCDI for desalination was installed in Tra Vinh, in the Mekong Delta for the treatment of arseniccontaminated groundwater with a concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) of 1.65 g/L. Results showed the feasibility of the modular concept for producing drinking water (TDS<0.45 g/L) with a specific energy consumption (SEC) of <3 kWh/m³. The relationship between feed salinity and specific ion removal of the MCDI was evaluated in real environment and compared with laboratory experiments. The use of renewable energies such as solar and wind for autonomous supply was proven feasible for these technologies. The second pilot plant was installed in a riverine estuary in the region of Cần Giờ, where no access to freshwater is available due to the progressive salinization of river water and groundwater. Here, river water showed TDS concentrations of up to 25 g/L. The combined system consisted of UF pre-treatment, LPRO and MCDI to produce drinking water and product water with TDS of <0.45 g/L and <1.5 g/L, respectively with a total SEC of 5.8 kWh/m³. Additionally, the performance of the LPRO was compared to seawater-RO (SWRO) in pilot trials, which showed a SEC of 5.5 kWh/m³. Although the SEC of single-stage SWRO was lower, the separate production of drinking and product water by LPRO+MCDI showed different advantages including a reduced SEC of 5.2 kWh/m³ for product water and additional 0.6 kWh/m³ for drinking water. Finally, an optimization of the LPRO+MCDI can be possible by increasing the desalination efficiency of the MCDI, increasing the efficiency of LPRO-pump and the MCDI power supply, and by aiming at feed water qualities with lower salinity.
Theoretical Models for Membrane Capacitive Deionization for the design of Modular Desalination Processes
(Università della Calabria, 2021-12-08) Hellriegel, Ulrich; Critelli, Salvatore; Gabriele, Bartolo; Figoli, Alberto; Hoinkis, Jan
Due to climate change, water scarcity will be exacerbated around the globe. To increase the water availability in regions at risk, water desalination plants can be a solution. Especially in rural areas, energy e cient technologies are needed so that an operation with renewable energy as photovoltaic modules can be feasible. Recent publications showed that the novel technology membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can achieve a lower speci c energy consumption (SEC) than reverse osmosis (RO), for brackish water desalination with salt concentrations below 2.5 g L-1. There is still a gap in research between laboratory operation and applied commercial scaled desalination, regarding experimental but also theoretical model studies. Therefore the latter is elaborated in the present PhD thesis. Hereby, existing models are reviewed, adapted and further developed to t to applied MCDI operation for drinking water production. Two dimensional nite element methods (FEM) modelling of ion transport, according to the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory for electrical double layers (EDL) as well as computational uid dynamics (CFD) is combined with an adjusted semi-analytical modi ed Donnan (mD) model, with a constant excess chemical potential att = 2:33 kT, for the electrosorption of ions into porous active carbon electrodes. It predicts the e uent salt concentration time-dependently for di erent inputs of applied electrical currents Icell and voltages as well as inlet concentrations and volume ows. Applied MCDI operation was optimized for drinking water production with practical experiments, which support the evaluation of the theoretical ndings. The model ts to experimental data for Icell = 20 A, however the equations for the voltage over the electrodes need to be re-assessed so that the model ts for further input parameters. A CFD model of the water ow through large scaled MCDI modules (> 50 pairs of electodes) shows the need of constructing spacer thicknesses Sp small enough, to ensure equal retention times of the water between the electrodes in the module, which is important for stable diluate concentrations. Furthermore, an analytical calculation tool is developed, by adjusting the mD model and introducing an e ective salt adsorption capacity 􀀀salt; , to predict the maximum e cient charging time tmax,ch, removal- and recovery rate as well as SEC values for optimized operation of applied MCDI processes. The model reaches an accuracy of 87% for the prediction of salt removal, 86% for tmax,ch and 75% for SEC values, compared with an experimental study and thus can be used to optimize the process design of applied MCDI desalination plants.
La circolarità nella prevenzione del rischio idropotabile in una rete di distribuzione idrica urbana
(Università della Calabria, 2021-05-03) Capano, Gilda; Critelli, Salvatore; Maiolo, Mario; Carini, Manuela
La modellazione idraulica, nell'ambito della valutazione della qualità della risorsa idrica, ha sviluppato l'esigenza verso un inquadramento multicriteriale, legato all'analisi del rischio idropotabile. La necessità di sviluppare la valutazione della qualità dell’acqua, in coerenza con la più generale stima della sostenibilità, risponde all’esigenza di un nuovo approccio per declinare i principi dello sviluppo sostenibile alla gestione della risorsa idrica, troppo spesso vincolata ad analisi verticali e modulari. In tale ambito, l'Economia Circolare, rappresenta una corretta chiave interpretativa, per sviluppare specifiche logiche programmatico-gestionali, con lo scopo di incrementare il livello di sostenibilità di prodotti e processi. In questo lavoro è stato proposto un approccio metodologico, basato sul modello metabolico, per l’analisi qualitativa dei sistemi idrici, il quale definisce la circolarità, propria del modello economico, come criterio innovativo nell’analisi del rischio idropotabile, finalizzato allo sviluppo di un framework a supporto di enti gestori e stakeholder.
Drinking water supply modelling for advanced metering Infrastructures
(Università della Calabria, 2021-09-27) Bonora, Marco Amos; Critelli, Salvatore; Maiolo, Mario; De Oliveira Sousa, Joaquim Josè; ;
L’evoluzione della società umana e dei processi produttivi sta accrescendo il fabbisogno idrico mondiale. La risorsa idrica è distribuita in maniera disomogenea e sta subendo una progressiva riduzione a causa dei cambiamenti climatici in atto. La necessità di gestire con maggiore attenzione e di ottimizzare il Sistema idrico integrato rende necessario l’utilizzo di strumenti messi a disposizione da nuove tecnologie che devono collaborare in una gestione multidisciplinare ed integrata. Le attuali normative italiane ed europee sanciscono tale necessità, prescrivendo l’utilizzo di strumenti elettronici specifici per la progettazione e la creazione di database territoriali standardizzati e di facile accesso. L’obbiettivo del progetto di dottorato è lo sviluppo di modellistica idraulica a supporto dei processi gestionali delle reti di distribuzione idropotabile. La modellistica va ad integrarsi nel framework gestionale origAMI, che supporta la gestione operativa, economica e della Workflow Management, attraverso l’integrazione di software idraulico, strumenti previsionali e di Anomaly Detection. In questo lavoro sono state approfondite le azioni ed i criteri necessari alla costruzione dei modelli digitali delle reti di distribuzione, presentando diversi casi applicativi che hanno raggiunto diversi livelli di dettaglio e maturità. Sono approfondite le procedure di stima delle prestazioni mediante indici sintetici e misure surrogate, approfondendo concetti come l’affidabilità e la resilienza delle reti. È inoltre presentato un approccio metodologico che si integra nei modelli di progettazione ed ottimizzazione delle infrastrutture di trasporto della risorsa idrica. Tale approccio permette una modellazione più realistica dell’orografia reale introducendo la possibilità di imporre vincoli territoriali ed idraulici nella ricerca degli schemi progettuali. The human society and production processes evolution is increasing the world's water needs. The water resource is unevenly distributed and is undergoing a progressive reduction due to the ongoing climate changes. The need to more carefully manage and optimize the integrated water system makes it necessary to use tools made available by new technologies, which must collaborate in multidisciplinary and integrated management. Current Italian and European regulations underline this need, prescribing the use of specific electronic tools for the design and creation of standardized and easy-to-access territorial databases. The goal of the PhD project is the development of hydraulic modelling to support the management processes of drinking water distribution networks. The modelling is integrated into the origAMI management framework, which supports operational, economic and workflow management, through the integration of hydraulic software, forecasting and anomaly detection tools. In this work, the actions and criteria necessary for the construction of digital models of distribution networks have been studied in-depth, presenting various application cases that have reached different levels of detail and maturity. Performance estimation procedures are explored using synthetic indexes and surrogate measures, deepening concepts such as network reliability and resilience. The thesis presents a methodological approach integrated into the design and optimization models of water resource transport infrastructures. This approach allows more realistic modelling of the real orography by introducing the possibility of imposing territorial and hydraulic constraints in the search for design schemes.
Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials: graphene, silicene and carbon nano- onions
(2017-10-20) Osman, Salih Mohamed; Critelli, Salvatore; Caputi, Lorenzo
The electronic structure of the graphene/Ni(111) system was investigated by means of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). A single layer of graphene has been obtained on Ni(111) by dissociation of ethylene. Angle-resolved EEL spectra show a low energy plasmon dispersing up to about 2 eV, resulting from fluctuation of a charge density located around the Fermi energy, due to hybridization between Ni and graphene states. The dispersion is typical of a two-dimensional charge layer, and the calculated Fermi velocity is a factor of ~0.5 lower than in isolated graphene. The interface-π plasmon, related to interband transitions involving hybridized states at the K point of the hexagonal Brillouin zone, has been measured at different scattering geometries. The resulting dispersion curve exhibits a square root behavior, indicating also in this case a two-dimensional character of the interface charge density. As well, it has been shown that it is possible to use EELS in the reflection mode to measure the fine structure of the carbon K-edge in monolayer graphene on Ni(111), thus demonstrating that reflection EELS is a very sensitive tool, particularly useful in cases where the TEM-based ELNES cannot be applied. Clean Ag(111) surface and the two phases of silicene on Ag(111), mixed (4×4, √13×√13R19°, 2√3×2√3R30°) and 2√3×2√3R30, have been studied by XPS, LEED and EELS. EEL spectra of the Ag(111) surface covered by silicene in the (4×4, √13×√13R19°, 2√3×2√3R30°) mixed phase shows a well-defined plasmon peak whose center is located at about 1.75 eV. The 2√3×2√3R30° phase shows EEL spectra that exhibit a peak located at about 0.75 eV loss, which moves clearly towards higher energies with increasing momentum transfer. The typical parabolic dispersion relation obtained from such spectra confirms that the peak is due to a collective excitation which is evidently associated to the silicene layer. These plasmons associated to silicene have never been observed in the past. Our results show that the plasmonic properties of silicene on Ag(111) are strongly dependent on the geometrical arrangement of Si atoms with respect to the substrate. Carbonaceous nanomaterials have been obtained by underwater arc discharge between graphite electrodes. TEM images showed that the resulting particles suspended in water consist of CNOs with other carbonaceous materials such as CNTs and graphene. We observed for the first time the formation of a solid agglomerate on the cathode surface. Raman and TEM studies revealed that the agglomerate is made exclusively of CNOs. The defragmentation of such agglomerate allows to obtain CNOs free of other carbonaceous materials without the complex purification procedures needed for floating nanomaterials
Decoration and Characterization of Carbon-based nanomaterial for third generation photovoltaic devices
(2018-03-16) Imbrogno, Alessandra; Critelli, Salvatore; Bonanno, Assunta; Macario, Anastasia; El Khakani, Alì
The PhD project is oriented on the synthesis and characterization of carbonbased nanomaterial and their eventual decoration with pulsed laser deposition technique for the developing of advanced nanomaterial suitable for photovoltaic application, in particular in DSSC devices. The dye sensitized solar cells belong to the third generation of photovoltaic devices, and are mainly composed of two electrodes deposited on FTO conductive glasses: the photoanode is also called \working electrode" (WE) and it is made of a thin lm of TiO2 deposited on a conductive FTO glass and sensitized by an organic dye, while the cathode, called \counter electrode" (CE), is made of a thin lm of platinum sputtered on a conductive FTO glass. The space between these two electrodes is lled with an electrolyte solution composed of a redox couple. The great advantage of these solar devices respect to traditional silicon-based solar devices is the relatively easy fabrication processes and the use of materials that are abundant on Earth. However, their conversion e ciency is still unsatisfactory, with conversion e ciency that barely reach the 18% for the solid-type DSSC and the 10% for the liquid-type of DSSC. The main issues that a ect the photovoltaic e ciency in DSSC are the dye deterioration, the high e-/h+ recombination in TiO2-dye substrate, the contact resistance between CE and electrolyte, and the degradation of the platinum counter electrode due to the electrolyte solution. During the last two decades many e orts have been made to resolve these issues, and some advances have been made by modify both the working and the counter electrodes. This Ph.D. project is focused on improving the materials used in both electrodes in liquid-type DSSC by using carbon nanomaterials. In particular, for what concern the counter electrode, the expensive platinum was substituted with multi walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNT) decorated with metal nanoparticles that ensured both a good resistance to the corrosive action of the electrolyte solution and a highly rough surface that improved the catalysis of the redox reaction, resulting in a improvement of the photovoltaic performance of the DSSC device. For what concern the working electrode, instead, this Ph.D project was focused on the insertion of di erent carbon-based nanomaterials as multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene inside the TiO2 thin lm to reduce the loss of electron due to the e-/h+ recombination. Even in this case, the results showed interesting improvements of the photovoltaic e ciency of the DSSC device. All the experiments were conducted in both University of Calabria (Italy) and Institut National de la Recherche Scienti que (Canada).
Sistema normativo, competenze e interessi costituzionalmente tutelati in materia di energia. Il caso emblematico degli idrocarburi
(2018-05-11) Pellegrino, Carolina; Critelli, Salvatore; Mazzitelli, Alessandro
ll presente lavoro, culmine di un’attività di ricerca durata tre anni, pone al centro della sua analisi la traduzione normativa e giurisprudenziale della “materia energia” come esempio paradigmatico di come vengono -e dovrebbero essere- interpretate le competenze costituzionali in presenza di finalità che trascendono per ampiezza e trasversalità la collocazione formale della materia. L’analisi della normativa de qua ha indotto a considerare l’energia una materia complessa per diversi motivi. Il primo risiede nella plurivalenza della stessa nozione -che per questa ragione ha goduto di un suo particolare e approfondito studio- a cui si sommano gli aspetti di rilevanza giuridica, economica e sociale ad essa connessi, che da parte loro, inducono, a stemperare gli interessi alla produzione e compravendita dei prodotti energetici con altri interessi che vanno dalla tutela dell’ambiente e del paesaggio al governo del territorio; infine, in ragione di una disciplina normativa, pletorica e frammentaria, nella difficoltà di sistematizzarla sia in termini di soggetti competenti che di ambiti materiali. Alla luce di ciò e approfondendo la disciplina degli idrocarburi come esempio più emblematico delle criticità relative alla materia energia, l’attività di ricerca svolta ha tentato sì di ricostruire il sistema giuridico dell’energia, ma anche, sulla scorta del dettato comunitario, di reindirizzare la qualificazione della materia da bene economico a bene economico essenziale

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente - Tesi di Dottorato

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