Tesi di Dottorato
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Item Smart homes and smart objects: internet of things for energy-aware monitoring and controlling systems(2017-02-13) Barletta, Domenico; Pantano, Pietro; Marano, Salvatore; De Rango, FlavianoIn recent years, the design and implementation of Home Automation Systems followed the spread of Internet of Things and its intent to make every home smart for end-users through Internet and Wireless connectivity. Ambient intelligence is an emerging discipline as well that aims to bring intelligence to environments making them sensitive to people through the use of embedded smart objects. Together, Automation Systems, Internet of Things and Ambient Intelligence make great interaction between people and the environments they live in possible. The enhancing of these interactions was one the main goals of this thesis whose intent was to improve the classic concept of Home Automation System through Internet Of Things philosophy. The first research objective was the design and implementation of a basic Internet of Things architecture that can be used for several Home Automation and Monitoring applications such as lighting, heating, conditioning or energy management. In particular, besides controlling features, the system can optimize energy consumptions by increasing awareness of users that have full control of their house and the possibility to save money and reduce the impact of energetic consumption on the earth, matching the new “green” motto requirements. According to IoT, innovative plug-and-play and ready-to-use smart devices were designed and implemented as part of this reactive automation system that offers a user-friendly web application and allows users to control and interact with different plans of their house in order to make life more comfortable and be aware of their energy consumptions. Control and awareness were two important key points for the first stage of research activity. The next challenge was to enhance IoT with intelligence and awareness by exploring various interactions between human beings and the environment they live in. The system was progressively enhanced evolving from a reactive system to a proactive system where the knowledge of human needs, in addition to the current environment status, constitute a new input for the system whose further objective is to find the right automations that can satisfy human needs in real-time. This advanced proactive system can sense and infer the user’s and the environment’s context and consequently decide autonomously how to affect the environment and actuate smart actions. It was experienced by many researchers that, for several reasons, some users might not appreciate these kinds of proactive actuations so, another challenge was the design of a system which is able to learn from user’s context and feedbacks history and, subsequently, to adapt itself to always up-do-date users’ expectations and keep the rules for triggering smart actuations constantly updated. The system was at a later time transformed into a “Inferactive” system. Another important scope of the research was the in-depth examination of the motivations for energy-efficient communications in wireless systems by highlighting emerging trends and identifying the challenges that need to be addressed to enable novel, scalable and energy-efficient wireless communications. One of the most important issues for researchers that must be addressed in designing communication protocols for wireless networks is how to save devices’ energy while meeting the needs of applications. For this reason, the architecture proposed was also enhanced at a communication level with energy-awareness in order to minimize energy consumption by communication devices, protocols, networks, end-user systems and data centers. To do this, some smart devices have been designed with multiple communication interfaces, such as RF and Wi-Fi, by using open-source technology such as Arduino. They have been analyzed under different working conditions and network topology. Communication parameters, data size and device status have been changed dynamically according to different scenarios and specific quality of service required, such as the speed of response, in order to find the best hardware and software configuration that offers the most benefits in terms of energy cost/quality ratio, lowest energy consumption and extended lifetime for battery-powered devices. The last challenge was to improve energy consumption of battery-powered smart devices provided with Wi-Fi that is commonly considered a very energy-expensive communication interface if compared to Bluetooth or ZigBee. Research focused on social IoT solutions for Home Automation Systems where devices are socially connected to Internet and can communicate through social applications like Facebook, Twitter or Google+ with a community of users that usually interact with that device itself. A fuzzy-based solution was proposed to classify the social community interaction with the system in order to implement an adaptive energy saving mode for social Wi-Fi devices according to users’ current context, behavior, habits and feedbacks. Test and performance evaluation regarding energy consumption and efficiency in real world scenario with real hardware devices were performed to prove the efficiency of the solution in terms of electricity consumption, battery lifetime, CPU utilization and increase of comfort and satisfaction levels for community users. The thesis is organized as follows. Chapters 1,2 and 3 contains the basics for a better understanding of the solutions proposed such as Internet of Things, Ambient Intelligence, Smart Homes and Smart Devices energy level issues. Chapter 4 describes the solution proposed, in particular, the system architecture and how the system evolved from reactive, to proactive and finally to “inferactive”. Chapter 5 examines how to deal with energy-aware communication and how Wi-Fi communication was improved in terms of energy consumption through social IoT awareness and fuzzy logic. In closing, Chapter 6 presents the test and the results achieved.Item Design and performance evaluation of algorithms for wireless self-organizing systems(2014-11-28) Surace, Rosario; Greco, Sergio; Loscrì, Valeria; Aloi, GianlucaThe work done during the PhD course involves the study of the Self- Organization of wireless sensors, robots and UAV networks. In particular, this thesis investigates how each node composing the system can take advantage from the Self-Organization and from mobility, in a way to optimize some networks parameters as coverage and energy consumption. Self-Organization is a process in which pattern at the global level of a system emerges solely from numerous interactions among the lower-level components of a system. The rules specifying interactions among the systems components are executed using only local information, without reference to the global pattern [1]. Mobility, although still for some types of systems is not considered a primitive of the network: in recent years has been the subject of many studies just as useful feature to achieve certain objectives, not least the energy consumption in transmission. The network issues has been addressed using different approaches from the theoretical studies aimed at finding the maximum achievable performance benchmarks, through the introduction of appropriate optimization models, the proposal of distributed heuristics and more realistic communication protocols, and the use of biology-inspired mechanisms, such as genetic algorithms (GA) and neural networks (NN). The purpose of this type of approach is to move in the direction of networks that are able to self-organize by adapting to different environmental conditions and dynamic as well as hard scenarios (i.e. environment disasters). The rest of the thesis is organized as follows: in Chapter 1 background on Self-Organizing Systems is given. In Chapter 2 we investigate on the impact of the Propagation Environment on Controlled Mobility Algorithms; distributed heuristics to Film Sport Events with Flying Robots in Chapter 3 and Bio- Inspired approaches in Chapter 4. Finally, a new communications protocol for WSN called Decentralized Time-Synchronized Channel Swapping is analyzed in Chapter 5.Item Using multi-layer social networks for opportunistic routing(2012-10-24) Socievole, Annalisa; Palopoli, Luigi; Marano, Salvatore; De Rango, FlorianoItem QoS aware multicast routing and meta- heuristics over multi-layered satellite-hap networks(2011-11-23) Santamaria, Amilcare Francesco; Marano, Salvatore; Palopoli, LuigiIn the last few years, multimedia broadband services and applications are growth. More resources have been requested to the networks and more Quality have to be supplied for the services. Moreover, new kind of networks were born such as wireless network and cellular networks such as 3G/4G and UMTS, also wired connections are evolved and more resources are available to allow new services and applications. In these years, social networks and multimedia applications are increase exponentially making possible new field of applications. With new technologies, in fact, it is possible to supply utility services such as tele-health, wireless health monitoring, public safety services and much more services over the internet, WAN and so on. Moreover, dedicated services and networks can be rapidly installed in case of emergency scenarios such as war or natural disaster cases. For these reasons, new network architectures can be implemented to offer a wide range of services. In particular, it is thinkable to interoperate between different network such as Satellite network, Cellular network and Wired Network to take advantages from all networks reducing weakness. Moreover, it is necessary to increase resources availability making efficient choices and optimizing reservation along links on which network data flows. To make these scenarios possible services and network have to offer a reasonable Quality in terms of Quality of Service (QoS). To do this new protocols and algorithms capable to take advantages from modern network infrastructures have to be designed. A wide range of services can be distributed on the network in a multicast manner, for example multimedia data such as video and audio can take advantages from multicast transmission reducing in a drastic manner the number of control packets and data packets sent into the network. In case of unicast transmission, in fact, a higher number of packets than the multicast are sent into the network to allow each destinations to receive data flows. In order to make more robust, reliable and scalable multicasting on the hybrid network, a multicast algorithm has been associated to the the mul ticast protocol, when a multi-constraints QoS aware multicast have to be addressed. A multicast algorithm that has the main goal to find a multicast tree in an multi-constraints environment belongs to the NP-Complete class of problem. In literature this is known as a Steiner Tree Problem (STP). In order to solve this issue a new class of algorithms has to be addressed. In particular, taking into account limited resources of the routers and time limits a heuristic method has to be designed. In these last years a series of algorithms that derive by the observation of natural evolution and biological process that are also called biologic algorithms, pay out much attention. In this works, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) adapted to Multicast issues has been designed and proposed to provide a better resource management that allow a higher number of multicast sessions and higher number of users to join into the network. This allows a network cost reduction and offers better services with a higher quality to the community. To spread services around wide areas with same quality, a broadband network, which are not sensible to terrestrial overloaded network, have to be addressed to distribute with reliability and scalability multicast services. Satellite network equipped with newest architecture such as DVB-RCS or DVB-S2 that implements two way services represents an optimal solution to distribute broadband services, because it also support a certain realtime interaction between sources and destinations without changing of network. This architecture has the main problem to have a higher round trip delay owing to the distance between satellite and Earth surface, in fact, some applications such as realtime applications do not support satellite communications. For these reasons, and in general to reduce, where possible, round trip delay an intermediate network has been introduced into infrastructure. HAPs meshes are composed of several on air platform that provide wireless broadband communications. They can interact with cellular platforms or with most common wireless networks changing their payload if necessary. An interaction of Satellite and HAP can reduce delays and increase network performances. In order to make this possible an efficient multicast protocol capable to address in an efficient manner data flow and protocols interaction between several entities has been designed and proposed. Moreover, using aforementioned algorithm, efficient routing has been addressed. In this hybrid network, which is based on a DVB-RCS like architecture, local communication can be made exploiting HAPs or wired network. instead, in case of far connections satellite link can be used as bridge among HAPs network, otherwise satellite can be used directly to connect a terrestrial router with another one when HAPs links are overloaded or in case of some areas where HAP coverage is not present.Item Algorithms and techniques towards the Self-Organization of Mobile Wireless Sensor, Robot and UAV Networks(2011-11-23) Costanzo, Carmelo; Viterbo, Emanuele; Palopoli, LuigiItem Evaluation and Optimization of the Energy Behavior of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks(2014-02-28) Fotino, Marco; Palopoli, Luigi; Marano, SalvatoreMANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks) are networks made up entirely of wireless devices, without the support of any fixed infrastructure. Because of their auto-configuring and self-managing features, and of their many application fields, MANETs have been one of the most investigated research fields in recent years. In particular, the interest of the scientific community is aimed at routing protocols for such networks, which should solve the problem of efficient multihop routing in a distributed environment. My research work is focused on an aspect of MANETs that in recent years has become increasingly important: the evaluation of routing algorithms in terms of energy consumption. My work for the Systems Engineering and Computer Science Ph.D. program is focused on the study of routing algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks and performance evaluation of such networks, especially trying to highlight and resolve issues related to energy consumption of mobile devices. The study of mobile ad-hoc networks and of the routing algorithms has been carried out mainly through simulations. The algorithms and metrics for routing protocols, obtained by the adaptation, the improvement and the joint application of the solutions known in literature, have been implemented in the ns-2 network simulator software. The methodology used in the context of the Ph.D. program consists in the implementation of the algorithms and in the execution of a large number of simulations, in order to validate the effectiveness of the adopted solutions in the widest possible number of scenarios. Keywords – MANET, Routing, Energy, OLSR, GPSR